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| پاکستانی اردو ناول میں پنجابی لفظیات کے استعمال کا مطالعہ :فنی اور ثقافتی تناظر میں(1947تا 2015) | Title: Use of Punjabi Code in Urdu Novel: An Analytical Study in Technical and Cultural Context (1947 to 2015) Abstract: Urdu novel, in its tradition of more than a century, have gone through various stylistic changes. Use of language is one of these aspects which has two further contexts: one is technical and other is cultural. Technical aspect may be explained as use of language in accordance with the nature and environment of locale and characters of the novel and mainly appears in the names of characters, places, things and most importantly in dialogues. Cultural aspect focuses on the cultural and linguistic background of the fiction writer and mostly exhibited in narration of novel which has various conscious and sub- conscious reasons. After conducting literature review and background study including prominent novels, the study is focused on four main novelists of Urdu including Ghulam us Saqlain Naqvi (Mera Gaon), Syed Shabbir Hussain (Jhoke Sial), Mustansar Hussain Tarar (Raakh, Khas o Khashak Zamanay) and Shoukat Siddiqui (Jangloos). The study is conducted using mix method of research mainly including historical research. Comparison and stylistic analysis in linguistic and cultural context is also used as part of research methodology. Findings are presented in narration in concluding chapter as well as in tabulated form as annexures. The study reveals interesting as well as significant differences of use of Punjabi words and phrases by ‘Punjabi Speaking’ writers and ‘Urdu Speaking’ writers in their Urdu novels. Some recommendations for further study are also included at the end. |
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| ادب اور سماجی نفسیات:خیبرپختونخواہ کے منتخب معاصر اردو افسانے میں خوف اور دہشت کی عکاسی | ABSTRACT The title of my Research, Thesis for my M.Phil. Urdu is “Literature and Social Psychology: Depiction of Fear and Terror in the Contemporary selected Urdu Short Story of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa” Study of history tells us that man has been fighting with fear since the beginning of time. Sometimes fear of darkness, sometimes fear of water, sometimes fear of gods and sometimes fear of self. Terrorism has scared people in the present age. This research paper examines the effects of fear caused by terrorism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Three Urdu fiction writers from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have been selected for this research, including Jameel Kachu Khel, Yusuf Aziz Zahid and Hamza Hasan Sheikh. These three fiction writers closely observed the changing social demography of this region and described the problems of this region in their fictions. Analytical study of these myths reveals that the people of this region are suffering from various socio-psychological problems due to terrorism. Due to terrorism, the people of this region are facing psychological problems like loneliness, depression, fear, terror, despair and fear. Apart from this, the socio-political conditions of this region also had a profound impact on the literature here. Terrorism and war created new themes in the literature of this region. Which include topics of murder, suicide bombing, target killing, kidnapping, violence and isolation. In this research paper, a review of the literature of this region is also presented. The literature of this region has been examined in the context of various social and political conditions and trends in them have been noted. The major change in the literature of this region is the change in its themes. Apart from this, the social and economic problems of this region have also been reviewed in this research paper. Social problems include hate, theft, ignorance, drugs, violence and homelessness, while economic problems such as unemployment, homelessness, lack of food are imposed on this region. At the end of this research paper, there is a summary review, in which the researcher presents his findings by presenting all the arguments and evidence. In the light of which aspects of further research on the problems of this region have come out. |
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| پاکستانی اردو ناول کے تناظر میں انسانی استحصال کا تنقیدی مطالعہ(2000تا 2018) | ABSTRACT "Novel" is a literary genre that mirrors the sensibilities and idiosyncrasies of the times it is written in. This unique form of literature arrived in the Indian Sub- Continent in the nineteenth century when the region was fighting the War of Independence (1857). The Urdu writers adopted this medium to depict the unjust racialism and bigotry of the British rulers and the resultant suffering, both mental and physical, of the people of the Sub- Continent. After the creation of Pakistan, that suffering, unfortunately, could not be addressed properly and it took the form of sycophancy, hypocrisy and self- aggrandizement. Therefore, the old story of the exploitation of man remained the same. The real task of a writer is to objectively analyze the social truths and to make them palatable to the readers by using his imagination and writing prowess. The true writers have always raised their voice against the conflicts, the turmoil’s and the dehumanizing forces prevalent in their respective ages. The violation of human rights and the race to surpass others in wealth and material possessions have culminated in many existential crises making them the apt themes of the novel. A careful inspection reveals that the human exploitation has always sparked the imagination of the Urdu novelists especially the ones who wrote in early twenty- first century i.e. 2000-2018. The research was conducted regarding their individual perspectives on social and financial abuse leading to man's intellectual manipulation. The study was carried out on how the advancement in science and progress caused unfathomable exploitation and misery of man and how his enhanced mental facilities destroyed his emotions. The Pakistani Urdu novel encompasses these themes effectively. Hence, the topic of the study becomes vitally important. The proposition is basically divided to five chapters for efficient introduction. (In thesis, repetition of names of novels will be seen at various places to explain three basic forms of exploitation.) The primary chapter is related to the fundamental concepts and discourses of abuse as well as the depiction of human misuse within the novel. The momentary chapter portrays the social and political misuse. An endeavor has been made to show the mental abuse of man in the setting of the developing issues of cutting-edge times. Whereas fifth chapter comprises of all the evaluations done in previous chapters. |
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| منتخب پاکستانی اردو ناولوں میں ثقافتی بحران:تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ | ABSTRACT Title:Cultural Crisis in selected Pakistani Urdu Novels: Research and Critical Review Covering the entire society,the novel draws the readerʼs attention to the problems that the society is facing.The development and decline of society has a direct or indirect effect on literature as well as the novelists have mentioned the challenger in the society in a very good way.Social,economic,psychological and spiritual aspects have been reflected.In selected Pakistani urdu novels,the culture crisis has been critically and researched and such aspects have been brought forward from which the effects of modern civilization can be seen in our culture.The importance of topic also increases from the fact that every person has attachment to his predecessors and he is inclined towards innovation by getting rid of their things.Dicussing the styles and themes of different novels in the thesis.The cultural crisis has been presented.In the first chapter,introducing the subject,the basic discussions have been covered,in which the basic discussions and concepts of culture and crisis have been discussed. Chapter two describe the traces of modern civilization on Pakistani society,how modern civilization has affected our values.western influence on our culture is becoming more prominent due to which our values are deteriorating.Its influence has been clarified by the study of our rural and urban life.In the third chapter,the communication,industry,commercialism and consumerism are described through the various characters in the novels,reflecting the economic aspects of the cultural crisis in Pakistani urdu novels.Chapter four discusses other aspects of cultural crisis in Pakistani urdu novels including politics,education,migration and religion. Chapter five contains overall assessment,conclusions and recommendations.This chapter summarizes the first four chapters.An attempt has been made to warp it up.After that,the conclusions have been drawn,while at the end some recommendation have also been made. |
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| اردو تراجم کے فروغ میں سہ ماہی مجلہ"ادبیات"کا کردار(پاکستانی زبانوں کے ادب کے تراجم کے حوالے سے) | The role Three Monthly journal “Adbiyaat” in the promotion of Urdu translation. Translation is a source of binding not only of nations and languages but also of civilization. It promotes innovative themes, styles and taste practised by the other languages and cultures to the target language and culture to enrich its resources and brings a new tide of thought. Pakistan is a multilingual country where multiple languages are spoken. The translation decades the internal development of the people's nature and their spontaneous expressions in oracy and literacy and points out the mental co-ordination amongst different languages. It creates an atmosphere of understanding which in turns paves the way for fraternity, unity and harmony across Pakistan. The three monthly journal “Adbiyaat” was introduced in June 1985 in Pakistan to promote Urdu and translation of diverse Pakistani languages. It is the first journal of Pakistan which gives much importance to inter languages translation in Pakistan. The basic objective of my research is to focus the services rendered by three monthly journal of Academy of Letters Adbiyaat in the promotion of translation among different Pakistani languages and literature. It is observed that the role of journals is very important but now attempt made in the translation of different Pakistani Languages. In this research, I try to study the prose and poetry of “Adbiyaat” of Pakistani Languages and made conclusion. The objectives in this research are the information about the translation of Pakistani Languages of “Adbiyaat”. My Whole research base on the role of “Adbiyaat” in the promotion of different Pakistani Languages and importance of this Translation. Translation has a great impact on society. Translations of “Adbiyaat” create brother- hood, fraternity and unity among the people of Pakistan. People become closer to each other because of these translations. These translations promote the literature of Urdu and the literature of other Pakistani languages too. Methods used in this research were Documentary method and Historical method. Primary sources of materials were all the issues of Adbiyaat ix particularly the issues which belonged to the literature of Pakistani languages. Secondary sources of knowledge of this research were all the journals and the books which belong to The Academy of Letters and different research books too. Interviews of different personalities of Adbiyaat and other famous writers were taken to know the quality of this research. The basic knowledge in this research is gain from all the issues of “Adbiyaat”. The sources of background knowledge in this research are “The thesis Of Sadia Iftihar about The Acadmey Of Letters” and all the poetry and prose of “Adbiyaat” about different Pakistani Languages. In this era, the role of translation is very important. Different journals are trying to promote Urdu language and literature. Some journals are contributing in the translation of different Pakistani languages. Three Monthly “Adbiyaat” done a great achievement in the promotion of translation of different Pakistani Languages. |
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| تجزیہ ادب کے جدید تناظرات:معاصر اردو ترقی پسند شاعری کا مابعد نوآبادیاتی مطالعہ | Title: Modern perspectives of Literature Analysis: A Post-colonial study of contemporary Urdu progressive poetry Abstract: With the advent of human existence, the concept of ruler and subjugated emerged. From the time of the Cave to the present 21st century , the concept of master and slave has not been eradicated, but with the passage of time , this concept has matured. Post –colonialism is a form of critique that studies the cultural relations between the colonialist and the colonized. Because the cultural relation between the two are established under the colonial system. In the system , the colonizers has a monopoly at every level. As a result , new cultural , intellectual and literary styles are created in the colonies. The purpose of the study is to bring to light the distinctions of contemporary Urdu progressive poetry. It also include an analysis of post colonial trends in contemporary Urdu progressive poetry. To know in what form progressive poetry has adapted to the contemporary landscape of Urdu poetry and whether it has maintained its traditions or has withdrawn from it. How demographics left their mark on contemporary Urdu poetry. IX This dissertation has been completed by using qualitative research method. In which the basic ideas are introduced along with the early thinkers of the post-colonial period. Literature for life as well as literature and globalization were examined. The political and social effect of post-colonialism on contemporary poetry as well as the artistic and stylistic features of contemporary poetry while adopting descriptive method were also mentioned. In this regard Colonialism and progressivism have been chosen as theoretical frame work. As time went on, the priorities of the poets began to change and this had an effect on their progressive thinking. Most contemporary poets are still associated with progressive thought, while a few poets have given secondary status to progressive thought. Contemporary progressive poetry must also be addressed in the context of modern 21st century intellectual discourse. So that not only the effect of post-colonialism but also the effects of other intellectual discourses can be examined. |
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| پاکستانی اردو افسانے میں دہشت گردی بطور موضوع | ABSTARCT Terrorism as a Theme in Pakistani Urdu Fiction Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentional violence for political or religious purposes. It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non- combatants (mostly civilians and neutral military personals). The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the September 11 in New York City and Washington, D.C in 2001. Terrorism is often construed as a well-thought- out, extreme form of violence to perceived injustices. The after effects of terrorism are usually reported without understanding the underlying psychological and social determinants of the terrorist act. Since ‘9/11’ Pakistan has been at the epicentre of both terrorism and the war against it. Pakistan has suffered particularly excessively from the social, economic and human costs due to terrorism. It is portrayed as being on the front line in the international war against terrorism and at the same time has been wrongly labelled as a sponsor of international terrorism. Terrorism in Pakistan is a multidimensional phenomenon and, among many precipitating factors, the psychosocial factors play an important role. Pakistan's social landscape has for the most part been plagued with illiteracy, disease, insecurity and injustice. Since the 9/11 incident, Pakistan has been intricately linked with the many facets of the ‘war on terrorism.’ Some argue that Pakistan is a breeding ground for terrorist outfits, but it is certain that all of this havoc has resulted in the significant loss of innocent lives as well as loss of economic revenue. These fragile conditions provide a fertile ground for terrorism to grow. The unmanned army drone strikes killed and maimed thousands of innocent civilians in poor and difficult to access regions of Pakistan. This infuriated people, viii leading them to take up arms against the perceived aggressors. This triggering of the relatives of the deceased to engage in such activity is the culture of revenge in Pakistan, which unfortunately can last for generations. Self-sacrifice and martyrdom has been explicitly used in almost all religions and is aggressively exploited by terrorist outfits who groom suicide bombers using the ideology of Islamist martyrdom. Such tragic incidents had a profound effect not only on world literature but also on Urdu literature. Urdu fiction writers have made terrorism the subject of their fiction. Many fiction writers created excellent literature, especially on the 9/11 tragedy. This thesis discusses terrorism as a topic |
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| پاکستانی اردو افسانے میں دہشت گردی بطور موضوع | Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentional violence for political or religious purposes. It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non- combatants (mostly civilians and neutral military personals). The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the September 11 in New York City and Washington, D.C in 2001. Terrorism is often construed as a well-thought- out, extreme form of violence to perceived injustices. The after effects of terrorism are usually reported without understanding the underlying psychological and social determinants of the terrorist act. Since ‘9/11’ Pakistan has been at the epicentre of both terrorism and the war against it. Pakistan has suffered particularly excessively from the social, economic and human costs due to terrorism. It is portrayed as being on the front line in the international war against terrorism and at the same time has been wrongly labelled as a sponsor of international terrorism. Terrorism in Pakistan is a multidimensional phenomenon and, among many precipitating factors, the psychosocial factors play an important role. Pakistan's social landscape has for the most part been plagued with illiteracy, disease, insecurity and injustice. Since the 9/11 incident, Pakistan has been intricately linked with the many facets of the ‘war on terrorism.’ Some argue that Pakistan is a breeding ground for terrorist outfits, but it is certain that all of this havoc has resulted in the significant loss of innocent lives as well as loss of economic revenue. These fragile conditions provide a fertile ground for terrorism to grow. The unmanned army drone strikes killed and maimed thousands of innocent civilians in poor and difficult to access regions of Pakistan. This infuriated people, viii leading them to take up arms against the perceived aggressors. This triggering of the relatives of the deceased to engage in such activity is the culture of revenge in Pakistan, which unfortunately can last for generations. Self-sacrifice and martyrdom has been explicitly used in almost all religions and is aggressively exploited by terrorist outfits who groom suicide bombers using the ideology of Islamist martyrdom. Such tragic incidents had a profound effect not only on world literature but also on Urdu literature. Urdu fiction writers have made terrorism the subject of their fiction. Many fiction writers created excellent literature, especially on the 9/11 tragedy. This thesis discusses terrorism as a topic in Pakistani fiction. |
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| اردوادب اور مابعد نوآبادیات:منتخب اردو مترجمہ ناولوں کا مابعد نوآبادیاتی تناظر میں تحقیقی جائزہ | Title: “A Research Review on Selected Urdu Translated Novels in a Postcolonial Context” Many countries of the world were under the influence of colonialism. These include the subcontinent, Arab Countries, Africa, Egypt, etc. Postcolonialism is the study of the situation after the end of colonization from any region. While the colonists subject the colony to economic and economic exploitation, they also cause psychological exploitation of the culture and people of the region, and this effect lasts for a long time. In post-colonialism, these effects are studied both externally and internally. Homi K Bhabha has a unique position and identity in English literature and criticism with regard to post-colonial concepts. His identity and uniqueness in literature and criticism are the post-colonial concepts he developed, which he explained in his work The Location of Culture, published in 1994. He has added a new chapter to literature and criticism by coining new terms such as Mimicry, Hybridity, Cultural Difference, and Ambivalence. In this research, three selected Urdu Translated novels "Twilight in Delhi", "Gora", and "Jhoota Sach" have been studied in the light of Homi K Bhabha ‘s concepts. Ahmed Ali’s novel portrays the old culture of Delhi at the time of Muslim rule. It has symbolic elements which can be studied in the light of Postcolonial studies. Nove “Gora” highlights the issues of identity of a colonial man. Same way the novel “Jhoota Sach” presents the events of divisions in the light of colonialism. |
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