Department wise Listing | NUML Online Research Repository
List of Content
Back to Listing
Title Abstract Action(s)
زبان اور سماج: مستنصر حسین تارڑ کے ناول "قلعہ جنگی" میں سیاسی کلامیے کا تنقیدی جائزہ Every society and its civilization are shaped by language. In today's world, strong powers utilize language as a tool to subjugate weak states. In this context, numerous discourses are emerging, through which any community can achieve the desired improvements. Pakistan and Afghanistan continued to exist in distinct discourses that had been constructed through language at the end of the Russia-US cold war. These discourses, which the international community labeled as terrorism at times and jihad at others, had a profound impact on Pakistani and Afghani society. In Jihadi discourse, such literature is published in the name of Islam even though it has nothing to do with Islam, whereas literature that combines Islam and terrorism on false pretenses is produced after the international community's interests have been changed. In this Thesis, the problem has been examined in the context of Mustansar Hussain Tarar’s novel “Qila Jangi”. The fundamental discussions surrounding discourse have been covered in detail in the first chapter of this study, which also includes discourse analysis by Michael Fuko and theory-critical discourse analysis by Norman Fairman. The second chapter critically examines how Jihadi literature has affected Pakistani and Afghani society. In the third chapter post, 9/11 discourse related to terrorism has been critically analyzed in the context of the “Qila Jangi” novel by Mustansar Hussain Tarar other than “Qila Jangi’’. Conclusions, results, and recommendations are included in the last chapter.
ادب اور ثقافت: جانگلوس اور وارث کا ثقافتی تقابلی مطالعہ Title: Literature and Culture: A clutural Comparative Study of Janglos and Waris Literature and culture have deep ties. Cultural elements are integral part of literary genres. Novel and drama are important culturally. This research study is based on the comparative cultural study of two famous TV dramas Jangos by Shaukat Siddiqui and Waris by Amjad Islam Amjad. This topic is important since Punjabi culture is depicted through them. Moreover both the dramas are popular in masses historically and memorial. Cultural perspectives of both of the dramas are of important in order to know as what where the cultural perspectives of Punjab were in front of both of the writers. The first chapter of the research article is comprised of elements of drama, history and introduction of the authors besides the explanation of literature and culture. The introductory notes of Waris and Janglos are also the part of this chapter. The chapters second and third present the settings of both of the dramas, regions, languages, way of living, customs, conventions, folk wisdom and characters. It also observes all these things. Fourth chapter compares all the cultural elements and differences have been derived. The results derived from this research prove that the popularity of the dramas is due to its perfect plot, characters and other qualities/ characteristics due to the reflection/presentation of culture.
وجودیت اور اردو شاعری : معاصر اردو غزل میں فرد کی آزادی کا تصور The struggle of existence is eternal and will remain forever. The philosophical movement of existentialism lightens the complication and deepness about the human existence with full details. Existentialism is a western movement which started in 19th century in Denmark. Later on, it came up as a complete philosophy because of the writings and thoughts of French and German thinkers. Individual freedom has always been the most important subject. Philosophical movement of existentialism extremely emphasizes on individual’s freedom and liberty. In this research, Jean-Paul Sartre's lecture "Existentialism is a Humanism” has the status of basic philosophy. In addition, it is an element of existentialism that all existential thinkers agree on.In this thesis, an analytical study of the ghazals of selected contemporary Urdu ghazal poets, Mir Ahmad Navaid, Sabir Zafar, Qamar Raza Shahzad and Akhter Usman, has been done with reference to the concept of freedom of the individual. Which is the basic and most important element of existentialism. Selected poets have prominent place in contemporary Urdu ghazal. Poets are selected in terms of subject matter that have a clear tendency for individual freedom. In this thesis, only those poets are selected who have discussed individual freedom as major and most important subject matter.The chapters of this thesis include the introduction of the subject of research and basic discussions, elements of freedom of choice and thougt, elements of the freedom of action in contemporary Urdu Ghazal and overall review, results and recommendations. With the completion of this research work, we conclude that existentialism has the most basic and important value in the freedom of the individual. The concept of individual freedom is expressed with all the details in the chosen poets work. Contemporary Urdu Ghazal should also be studied in the context of new existentialism, According to Colin Wilson, Sartre frequently discusses freedom and what he will do with it when the world is meaningless.Like Europe, we have a metaphysical interpretation and a atheistic interpretation of existentialism. The two schools must be studied independently and compared in order to determine the dominant existentialist tendency. Despite the fact that much effort has been made in this study to link the idea of freedom with the philosophy of action and responsibility, further research is still needed. In order to determine if freedom is unfettered or responsible, modern poets should be studied with reference to the philosophy of responsibility with the concept of freedom.
وجودیت اور اردو شاعری : معاصر اردو غزل میں فرد کی آزادی کا تصور The struggle of existence is eternal and will remain forever. The philosophical movement of existentialism lightens the complication and deepness about the human existence with full details. Existentialism is a western movement which started in 19th century in Denmark. Later on, it came up as a complete philosophy because of the writings and thoughts of French and German thinkers. Individual freedom has always been the most important subject. Philosophical movement of existentialism extremely emphasizes on individual’s freedom and liberty. In this research, Jean-Paul Sartre's lecture "Existentialism is a Humanism” has the status of basic philosophy. In addition, it is an element of existentialism that all existential thinkers agree on.In this thesis, an analytical study of the ghazals of selected contemporary Urdu ghazal poets, Mir Ahmad Navaid, Sabir Zafar, Qamar Raza Shahzad and Akhter Usman, has been done with reference to the concept of freedom of the individual. Which is the basic and most important element of existentialism. Selected poets have prominent place in contemporary Urdu ghazal. Poets are selected in terms of subject matter that have a clear tendency for individual freedom. In this thesis, only those poets are selected who have discussed individual freedom as major and most important subject matter.The chapters of this thesis include the introduction of the subject of research and basic discussions, elements of freedom of choice and thougt, elements of the freedom of action in contemporary Urdu Ghazal and overall review, results and recommendations. With the completion of this research work, we conclude that existentialism has the most basic and important value in the freedom of the individual. The concept of individual freedom is expressed with all the details in the chosen poets work. Contemporary Urdu Ghazal should also be studied in the context of new existentialism, According to Colin Wilson, Sartre frequently discusses freedom and what he will do with it when the world is meaningless.Like Europe, we have a metaphysical interpretation and a atheistic interpretation of existentialism. The two schools must be studied independently and compared in order to determine the dominant existentialist tendency. Despite the fact that much effort has been made in this study to link the idea of freedom with the philosophy of action and responsibility, further research is still needed. In order to determine if freedom is unfettered or responsible, modern poets should be studied with reference to the philosophy of responsibility with the concept of freedom.
معاصر اردو تنقید کے فکری زاویے: ترقی پسند،جدیدت اور مابعد جدیدیت کے تناظر میں منتخب ناقدین کا فکری مطالعہ Title: Intellectual Aspects of Contemporary Urdu Criticism : An Intellectual Study Of Selected Critics in the Context Of Progressive Modernism And Postmodernism My MPhil Urdu Research Dissertation is related to the intellectual study of selected Urdu critics in the context of progressive, modernity and post-modernism, intellectual aspects of contemporary Urdu criticism. Contemporary Urdu criticism of selected critics those belong to literary circles of Islamabad and Rawalpindi has three major schools which shows a healthy tradition of current literary scenario. In the first chapter, Progressivism in Urdu literature has a history of almost 87 years. There has been profound effect on writings through the Progressive Writers Association started in 1936. Progressivism created a wide trend of realism with a principle of “Art for the sake of life”. It also led to the message of social change, poverty and class consciousness. There is an important tradition of progressive literature in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Dr Ravish Nadim is one of the latest and prominent representatives of this thought. He is known as progressive critic and poet as well as the secretary of Progressive Writers Association Islamabad and Rawalpindi. He does not think the literature without its relation with ideology. He has been played a vital role through his writings. His major expression consists of history, colonialism with special effect of socio-political and class based critical analysis. He believes in multi disciplinary approach with the Marxian paradigm to probe in creative texts. His clarity and commitment with the progressive ideology helped him to be introduced as an important critic during last 25 years. In the second chapter , Dr Salahuddin Darwesh is a critic. He has been working as a writer for last 30 years. His writings show many changes of ideologies and thoughts. He started from progressivism but inclined towards modernism sonly. But his rational thinking and scientific approach stayed remain. It was humanism X which pushed him towards modernism. That is why he is justifies for materialism and liberty for human being. On the other hand he observes frustration of modern man due to determinism spread in underdeveloped countries. Dr Darwesh presents himself as a post modernist too. But his majority of writings bring him with a modernist approach after his early tendency of progressivism. He stands with capitalism and thinks it inevitable for the development of humankind. In the third chepter, There are many theories to analyze and understand postmodern conditions of contemporary age. Some of them have progressive and pro people approach. Dr Farrukh Nadeem claims himself to deal with them. Though he has been established within last decade but he is known for his critical writings with such post modern approach. He deals with the discourse of space, power and colonization in literature. As a post modern critic he does not accept the role of ideology but he has become a representative of deconstructionism. All discussion of the research paper is briefly summaries in last chapter.
سوشل میڈیا اور اردو زبان :منتخب اردو ادبی بلاگز کا املا اور ذو لسانیت کے تناظر میں تحقیقی جائزہ As the world appears to be socialized, global hub humans are constantly striving hard to comprehend and communicate every opportunity that the modern world might offer. In this continuous effort, humans require the tool of language and not just one but many of them. A monolingual will be like an individualized identity with the loss of everything. While on the other hand, the Bilinguals will have varied dimensions of opportunities at their hands. This Phenomenon of bilingualism simultaneously gives rise to several linguistic errors especially when we keep the Urdu language in context with social media and globalization. The current research is to decipher the authenticity and nuanced correctness of Urdu written script in modern genres such as blogs. To construe the mentioned aspect the researcher has aligned the quantitative research method with four blogs bracketed as Urdu Literary Blogs. These blogs are entitled Hum Sub blog, Danish Blog, Aik Rosen Blog. The researcher hopes that this research VII demarcates the standard Urdu that can aid to evaluate the language quality of selected Urdu literary blogs This research comprises four chapters. The first chapter engulfs the lineage of Urdu Blogging and what prospects they might hold for the readers. It also deals with the influence of social media on the Urdu language. The second chapter embeds the errors that might originate in Urdu spellings. The research has also mentioned the principles and constructional norms of Urdu spellings. The third chapter bases its discussion on the problems arising due to Bilingualism. The chapter has focused to analyze that to what has been seen extent code mixing has been carried out in Urdu language script. It has been observed that even though synonyms exist, English substitutes have beenused, for both local and foreign words. The fourth chapter consists of an overview, and recommendations that improve and refine the language of Urdu blogs. The research findings are also included in the same chapter.
تدریسِ اُردو کی مہارتیں : پاکستان میں آن لائن اُردو تدریس ، مسائل و امکانات I have divided my research into four chapters entitled Urdu teaching techniques: Problems and probabilities of Urdu online teaching methodology in Pakistan. In the first chapter, after the introduction of the subject, the difference between distance education and online teaching are presented. Start of online education in Pakistan has been presented. In addition to discussing online teaching, the history of online teaching has been presented. In the second chapter, the role of Government educational institution is introduced. The problems and their possible solutionsare mentioned. In this chapter, the standard and materials for online teaching in Government sector is discussed. Online examination problems are mentioned with reference to online teaching systems at school. Problems which faced by teachers, students and parents in online education are discussed. Chapter three introduces online Urdu teaching problems in semi Government educational institution. In this chapter the availability of online teaching material is presented. Mental detachment with online examination has been examined in detail in this chapter. The way of writing, punctuation, grammar and problems of teachers, students and parents is mentioned in the last part of the chapter. Chapter four compares online teaching arrangement in private schools. It examines the standards of online teaching and soft material.Cheating in online examination is also discussed. The way of writing, punctuation, grammar and problems of teachers, students and parents is mentioned in the last part of the chapter.
صحافتی ادب اور سماج:مستنصر حسین تارڑ کے کالموں میں سیاسی وسماجی شعور کاتجریاتی مطالعہ This thesis undertakes a discussion on the political and social consciousness in Mustansar Hussain Tarar’s columns. Mustansar Hussain Tarar is an eminent name of the literary world. He is known as a travelogue writer, novelist, and short story writer and he has a prolific oeuvre, consisting of travelogues and novels. Mustansar Hussain Tarar is a multi-talented personality. Alongside the world of letters, he has also made his mark in the field of journalism. His columns are regarded among both literary and non-literary journalism. A column is essentially the expression of a subjective opinion and the column writer expresses their views on contemporary issues. Mustansar Hussain Tarar ranks among the best columnists in the present era. He has narrated the ups-and-downs of Pakistani society and politics in an apt manner before the world. He correctly identifies social ills in a constructive way. The purpose of this research work is to highlight the political and social consciousness in Mustansar Hussain Tarar’s novels. A lot of research already exists on Tarar’s works but no research has been done as of yet on the aforementioned premise. In this aspect, this research work is unique. This thesis is an analytical study of the political and social consciousness in Mustansar Hussain Tarar’s columns. In which political and social themes have been pointed out. Content relevant to the research paradigm was first collected, organized, and then analyzed. This thesis has been divided into three chapters. In which the first chapter covers a general and basic discussion. In this chapter, the term “column” has been defined and classified. Furthermore, the tradition of column writing in Urdu and the evolution of Mustansar Hussain Tarar’s columns has been discussed.
ادب اور لسانیات:"گردشِ رنگِ چمن" میں کوڈسوئچنگ اور کوڈ مکسنگ کا تجزیہ Code-switching and code-mixing are features of a bilingual society. It refers to the simultaneous use of more than one language in the same conversation. These two terms have different meanings. In code switching, language switching occurs externally at the level of sentences or whole linguistic processes, while in code mixing, language mixing occurs within sentence boundaries. As a result of migration and colonialism, people speaking different languages need a common language when they communicate with each other. In this case code switching and code mixing takes place. Codeswitching and code-mixing exist in almost every society and language in the world. As a result, languages arise and flourish. In modern times, its importance has increased many times. Thanks to the Internet, the world has become a global village. Due to the ease of communication, people from distant regions have become very close to each other. So different languages are also coming closer to each other. As a result, the number of languages in the world is decreasing. Due to code-switching and code-mixing, languages with higher assimilation capacity continue to absorb many other languages. These languages include English and Urdu. Their use is common in both spoken and written contexts in the Indo-Pak region. The subject of this research is the study of different types and reasons of code switching and code mixing in Quratul Ain Haider‟s novel “Gardish-e- Rang-e- Chaman”. Many local and non-local languages are used in the novel, but due to its frequent use, the focus of research has been made on the English language. This research paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter presents “Introduction to the topic and basic discussions”. In the second chapter, the theory of “code switching and code mixing” is applied to the novel and in this context an attempt is made to find its described types in the text of the novel. Hoffman has presented six types of code switching and code mixing. The first type is Inter-Sentential. There are hundreds of examples of this in the novel, but on analysis, one example of each type of word, compound and phrase is presented under the sub-headings of words, compound imperfect, compound perfect and phrases. The second type is Intra- Sentential. Most of the material related to this has been discovered in the novel. Therefore, for its analysis, the material is classified and xi one example of each type of word and compound is presented under words, compound imperfect and compound perfect. The third type is Intra-Lexical. Under this too, a lot of material has been found in the novel. Which mostly consists of „Asmaa‟. The English and Urdu mixed nouns, plurals, adjectives, genders, qualities and accusatives found in the novel have been analysed. The fourth type is Emblematic .In the dialogic text of the novel exclamations are used at places which represent different human emotions and expressions. In addition, there are certain terms that are used on special occasions and are symbols of a particular culture. Under emblematic an example of each type of exclamatory and idiomatic word is presented. The fifth type is Establishing continuity with the previous speaker. Related to this, examples have been discovered in the novel, some of which have been analyzed. The last type is change in pronunciation. The material related to this is not present in the novel. The final part of the paper aims to explore the causes of code switching and code mixing that Hoffmann has described in his theory. These are seven causes in total. The first reason is Talking about a particular topic. In this regard, no example has been found in the novel. Another reason is Quoting somebody else. A lot of related material has been discovered. Which contains quotes, sayings, poems, idioms and terms, abbreviations, proverbs, specific names, expressions of books and signs. An example analysis is presented as a sample. The third reason is Being Emphatic about something. Under it, repeated words and compounds and words used with the purpose of highlighting the importance of something are presented. The fourth reason is Interjection, Inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors. Under this reason, exclamations and conjunctions have been analyzed. The fifth reason is Repetition used for clarification. Below this reason, there are words and phrases with the same meaning which have been explained in Urdu as well as in English. The sixth reason is Intention of clarifying the speech content for Interlocutor. Under this, no material was found in the novel. The last reason is Expressing Group Identity. A few examples are presented in the related material as examples. Although several languages are used in the novel, the main focus of the research is on the English language. Apart from languages, many trends and styles of expression can be seen in the novel which lead us to new fields of research.
نظریہ بیگانگی اور اردو ادب: منتخب اردو ناولوں میں مارکسی نظریہ بیگانگی کا مطالعہ The theme of my MPhil thesis is to study the notion of Marxist alienation in literature, its elements and impacts as well. Karl Marx's theory of alienation was first introduced in 1844. In his view, inadequate wages of labor are the sole cause of laborer's alienation, which alienates him in four ways; alienation from labor, yield, society and from human needs. The nature of this is analytical. Alienation is a social problem and has been widely discussed in literature as well. It is an inquiry into the causes and consequences of alienation in Urdu novels. The study also illustrates the forms of alienation in Urdu novel tradition as exists in English novels. This study investigates the various forms of alienation in Urdu novels. It is a genre of literature that portrays the conditions of our society, their constructive factors and their effectiveness. It analyzes the implications of Marxist forms of alienation and how selected authors describe laborer, the product of laborer, and social and cultural alienation. It is a narrative against capitalism, describing education, illness, unemployment, politics, ignorance and selfishness. Fire Area (1994) depicts the exploitation of coal workers and their social alienation. Describing the unemployment, politics, ignorance and selfishness, this evil is a narrative against the capitalism. Jahanumi Log (2001) is a story of the poor condition of day laborers, social degradation, lack of service and helplessness. Khas o Khashaak Zamane (2010) is a representation of various aspects of alienation and dehumanization under historical, political, social, economic, religious and gender narratives and meta-narratives. Neli Bar (2017) shows the exploitation and selfishness of society as a result of the nexus of feudalism, capitalism and religiosity in Pakistani society.
پاکستانی اردو نظم نگار خواتین کی شاعری میں فطرت نگاری Reflection of Nature in the Poetic Works of Pakistani Female Poets Figurative language is one of the essentials of literary works in general, but particularly in poetry, metaphorical expression is key part of the literary stylistics. It not only beautifies the expression but contributes in increasing the depth and shades of meanings. Poets use different ways to reflect nature in different cultures. In eastern poetry it is mostly used to reflect different social, psychological and spiritual themes. The research work under consideration is an attempt to find and critically analyze how Pakistani poetesses used nature to depict their social, romantic and aesthetic themes. In three chapters, each including critical analysis of three prominent poetesses’ woks under each theme, nine poetesses in total have been chosen as representative sample. After introductory and basic discussions in the first chapter, next three chapters includes social, romantic and aesthetic angles of reflection of nature in the poetic works of selected poetesses respectively followed by finding, conclusion and recommendations. Methodology of the research work is based on historical method and content analysis. The research concludes at two basic points, firstly the poetesses have various attitudes in using images from nature ranging from philosophical to mere imagery representation. Secondly, it is different from use of images of nature by male poets in a sense that their expressions are mostly more inclined to philosophical and spiritual aspects.
اردو فن خطابت کے ماخذات:فنِ خطابت کی اردو کتب پر ریطوریقا کے اثرات Title: Resources of Urdu Rhetoric: Study of “Rhetoric’s” Impact on Urdu Rhetoric Books The M.Phil Urdu research thesis is study of “Impact of Rhetoric on Urdu Rhetoric Books”. Six Urdu books on rhetoric (Khitabat-U-Taqreer, Fan-ETaqreer, Ramuz-E-Khitabat, Fan-E-Khitabat, Taleem-E-Khitabat & Fan-EKhitabat) are chosen to discuss and evaluate the impacts of Rhetoric by Aristotle on the Urdu rhetoric books. These Urdu books cover all aspects of rhetoric. The purpose of the research is to understand the theory of Aristotle’s rhetoric, to study the nature of Urdu rhetoric, to examine the thematic scope of selected books written on the art of rhetoric in Urdu from the perspective of Rhetoric and to analysis the art & techniques of rhetoric proposed in selected books with respect to Rhetoric by Aristotle. Urdu Language encompasses various arts. These arts contributed a lot to vitalize Urdu language & literature. The Urdu language has played a vital role in expansion of various arts. Art of rhetoric is one of the prominent arts among these, which deals with eloquence and appropriate speech. The art of rhetoric is actually the art of speech which begins with the first ever word uttered by human-being to covey the message. It is developed with the passage of time, bulge-out in a state of refined art and further emerge as a profound art, skill & branch of education. Rhetoric written by Aristotle considered as one of the briefs, fundamental & authentic standard books composed on this topic. Urdu books written on this art of speech has a significant influence of this outstanding book. Urdu rhetoric writing has taken basis from this splendid book, but there is no doubt in accepting that Urdu rhetoric writing has its own wide concepts and ideas based on Aristotle’s theory. The research paper covers almost all the aspects of rhetoric that are influenced by Aristotle’s theory and discuss those aspects as well which made their own way to grow on the roots of that theory. Qualitative & analytical research methodology is IX followed to acquire authenticity of collected data. The research paper is advantegeous for orators and critics. Aristotle’s theory of Rhetoric composed of three basic points, Ethos, Pathos and Logos. Ethos comprises Orators’ personality, character, knowledge and expertise in his field. Ethos means an orator should be aware of his audiences, their psychy, emotions, believes and contemplations to make them convinced on a specific purpose. Logos means a speech must be logical having objective evidences. Urdu Rhetoric also based on the mentioned tri-points. All chosen (six) writers mentioned and discussed art of rhetoric according to these tri-points, however a few more sub-points are added to discussion in accordance with contemporary needs. The chosen writers, consciously and unconsciously took main idea from Aristotle’s Rhetoric as it was one of the first books on this art having detail basic discussions. They, however, expanded the main idea according to evolution of time and to their era and territory. They delibrated logics and enthymemes in persuasive manner. Moreover, they interpreted logics, similes, metaphors and proverbs according to the nature and occasion of speech to make it more influential. According to Aristotle, so as to Urdu rhetoric writers, clear and explicit style, energetic and attractive expressions, grammatically correct language, logical sequence of various parts of oratory, demonstration of logics by usage of suitable strategies in accordance with the nature of oratory are basic techniques of a persuasive speech. First three chapters comprises the detail discussion regarding the topic, whereas, all discussion of the research is briefly summarized in the last chapter. Research results are derived and composed in fourth chapter. Besides, recommendations regarding research on Urdu rhetoric are given at the end of the last chapter.
ادب اور سماج:پاکستانی اردو غزل میں پنجاب کے ثقافتی عناصر کا مطالعہ Literature is considerd to be an important tool for cultural studies. In Urdu literature, one of the most popular and rich forms of literary expression is Ghazal, which contains deep insights relating different cultures of the sub-continent. This dissertation tries to answer three questions: which major elements of the culture of Punjab have been described in Pakistani Urdu Ghazal? How Pakistani poets have represented the culture of Punjab in Urdu Ghazal and to which extent have they succeeded? How representation of cultural elements of Punjab has contributed to enrich Urdu Ghazal? To answer all these research questions, selected works of five major poets namely: Shair Afzal Jaffery, Nasir Shehzad, Zafar Iqbal, Ali Akbar Abbas and Sabir Zafar, have been employed while keeping in view these poets’ most prominent contributions in representation of the cultural elements of Punjab. This research work has been divided into four chapters. The first chapter is the introductory part of the subject where meaning of culture and its basic elements are also discussed. In addition to which, the importance of presentation of cultural elements in literature has been highlighted. The second chapter deals with the representation of geographical based cultural elements of Punjab in Pakistani Urdu Ghazal. In this chapter, the geo-cultural elements are examined under five domains: clothing, general way of living, customs and traditions, arts and language. Afterwards, the third chapter deals with the non-material and belief-based cultural elements of Punjab and their representation in Pakistani Urdu Ghazal. This chapter consists of three parts, religious practices and rituals, superstitions, folk tales and mythology. In the fourth and final chapter, collective analysis of the research work is discussed and in the light of which, conclusions and recommendations are formulated. The results of this research work show that Pakistani Urdu Ghazal has not only succeeded in the representation of the culture of Punjab but has also evolved itself with new images, metaphors, similes, symbols and dictions.
ادب اور وجودیت: منتخب غزل گو شعرا کے آخری شعری مجموعوں میں قنوطی و رجائی عناصر کا مطالعہ The axis of existentialism is human existence. Its main problem is self-realization. It is a long and painful journey from internalization to externality and from being to becoming, in which the problems of existence and non-existence, knowledge of God, cosmology, search for truth, existence and essence (destiny), human freedom, rationalism and scientism e.t.c. are important milestones. And anxiety, worry, despair, anguish, disappointment, nausea, absurdity, possibility, choice and decision, e.t.c. are the difficulties of this path. After the world wars, existentialism took the form of a philosophical movement in the West through literature. Kierkegaard, Sartre and Colin Wilson etc. are its leading exponents. Its influence in Urdu literature is visible in the sixties. This research consists of four chapters. The first chapter covers the introduction, background and key existential debates. It also deals eastern and new existentialism. The second chapter describes the relation between literature, Urdu ghazal and existentialism. It also includes some important existential terminologies and indicates the pessimistic elements in selected anthologies of Urdu ghazal. The third chapter bases its discussion on the pessimistic and optimistic discussions of existential philosophers and critic. It especially describes the optimistic approach of selected poets of ghazal. The fourth chapter consists of an overview of all previous chapters. The research findings are also included in the same chapter.