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| ادب اور ردِ استعمار بیانیہ: بلوچستان کے اُردو فکشن میں رد استعمار رویوں کا تجزیہ | Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan in terms of area. Here, languages such as Balochi, Brahui, Pashto, Hazargi, Sindhi, Saraiki, and Punjabi are spoken, but Urdu is the central language that serves as a means of communication among speakers of all languages and is also the largest literary language. Most literature in Balochistan has been created in Urdu, and literary creation began with Urdu in the 1930s, when British imperial rule was established in Balochistan. At that time, intellectuals and literary figures used their pens and thoughts against imperialism, and the first Urdu short story in Balochistan emerged as a representative of anti-imperial sentiment. These effects continued to influence the writings of future writers, and thus the foundation of anti-imperial thought was laid in Balochistan's Urdu fiction, which later took the form of a permanent trend. This thesis explores the anti-imperial tendencies in Balochistan's Urdu fiction. In this research work, the text of Balochistan's Urdu fiction has been discussed under the postcolonial discourse, and the results show that the fiction writers of Balochistan present the objective issues of the region in their fiction, clearly highlighting all forms of imperialism. Moreover, through their fiction, they aim to intellectually train the people of Balochistan and desire to see them prosperous and autonomous. They not only consider external domination as imperialism but also consider any power that exploits the people for its nefarious purposes as an imperial power. They use the historical context of superiority, the awareness of cultural power, and the surge of national and patriotic feelings as tools to achieve this goal. Examples related to this have been presented in the text, and detailed discussions have been conducted, and the results and recommendations have been presented at the end of the thesis. |
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| ادب اور ثقافت: منتخب اردو ناولوں میں کشمیری ثقافت کے مظاہر میں تنوع کاتجزیہ | There is a close connection between literature and culture. Every facet of literature describes culture. The culture of the place is kept in mind when describing it in a novel. Kashmir is well-known throughout the world for both its geography and its culture. To analysis the diversity of Kashmiri culture, two Urdu novels have been chosen. One of these novels is “Ag” written by Azies Ahmed and another novel is “ Barf Aahna Prndai” written by Tarnam Ryaz. The elements of Kashmiri culture are depicted in these two novels. The book “Saqafti Basharyat” written by Dr. Muzaffar Hassan Malik was the source of the cultural diversity theory.The qualitative and quantitative research paradigm will be used for this study’s purpose. The research would also explore a variety of websites and libraries when gathering data. There are four chapters in the thesis. The research topic and basic discussion are covered in the first chapter. The elements of culture that are essential to its development are examined. Additionally, this chapter discusses cultural diversity and its components.The second chapter discusses the presentation of Kashmiri culture in these two chosen novels. There are three components to these cultural aspects. The history of Kashmir and its natural features are covered in the first section. Geographical factors, jewelry, language, customs, food, clothing, and other topics are covered in the second section. The third section discusses the religious aspects of superstition, beliefs, norms, and values.The third chapter discusses the variety of Kashmiri culture as it is depicted in a few chosen novels. This chapter examines the differences between Kashmiri culture in the 20th and 21st centuries and identifies the factors influencing Kashmiri culture in the 21st century. Moreover, the elements that are highlighted in one novel but not in the second are presented by another novelist.The fourth chapter wraps up the entire subject, highlighting both the elements that are new to culture and those that are excluded because of 21st-century technology. The outcome and suggestions are also included in this chapter. This thesis is unique, which makes it special. This thesis presents a variety of literary works that is affected by cultural diversity. This piece is new due to its distinctiveness. |
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| پاکستانی اردو مرثیہ: مزاحمتی عناصر کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ(منتخب مرثیہ نگاروں کے حوالے سے) | The Urdu elegy has always been a literature of compassion. Urdu elegists have presented elements of resistance in accordance with the social, and political, and intellectual demands of their era, using the events of karbala as a metaphor. Analysing the journey of Urdu elegy to date, it can be said that the genre of elegy, which reached its peak through Mir Anis and Dabeer, is more active and dynamic in fulfilling its duties than other genres. From the very beginning, Urdu elegy has been the source of resistance in Pakistan, where resistance flourished as a Form of protest and its credit goes to Josh Malhi Abadi. Walking on Josh s path, other poets like Nasim Amrohvi, Kaiser Barhvi, Wahid ul Hasan Hashmi and Hilal Naqvi broke social and political barriers to express their resistance elegies in order to give humanity its rightful place. Selected elegists, while resisting the tyranny of the Yazidi regime, fulfilled their responsibility to find and heal the wounds of oppressed lives in the Pakistani context. These five eloquent poets nailed of the castle of injustice with the hammer of their pens and despite all social and political restrictions, made every effort to free their compatriots from the oppressive authoritarian system, arousing passion at the global level through Urdu elegy. In this way, not only did they promote elegiac literature in Pakistan, but also established their identity in world literature in terms of resistance elegies. The factors of resistance elegists in these ephemeral elegies can be understood as the real violation of the constitutional system, mismanagement, human degradation, inequality, selfishness, sectarianism, and hatred, All the characteristics of resistance elegists help to awaken revolutionary thinking and never accept submission to oppression. While translating the ideology of Hussain, it was urged to act on the Hussaini thoughts. It can be said that the elements of resistance in elegies, from beginning to present have impressed their mark on the pulse of time, and marked every tribulation. |
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| اردو میں نستعلیق رسم الحظ کا استعمال: مسائل، حل اور امکانات | Nastaleeq is a beautiful and elegant font with a rich cultural significance. It's widely cherished for its aesthetic appeal and readability in various Pakistani languages, including Urdu, Punjabi, and Sindhi. Its fluid and intricate calligraphy enhances the visual charm of any written text, making it a favorite choice for everything from literature and poetry to official documents and personal correspondence. Its adaptability and graceful curves make Nastaleeq not just a font, but an artistic expression that resonates deeply with the cultural and linguistic heritage of Pakistan. Whether in printed form or digital media, Nastaleeq continues to be an essential part of the typographical landscape in Pakistan. Promoting the teaching of Nastaleeq script in schools is indeed vital for the preservation and flourishing of the Urdu language. Teaching Nastaleeq in an accessible and scientific manner is essential for improving students' handwriting skills. Additionally, providing teachers with specialized training will pave the way for a bright future for both Nastaleeq script and the Urdu language. Emphasizing the significance of professional development for educators ensures they are well-equipped to nurture students' proficiency in this elegant script. This approach will not only enhance handwriting but also deepen students' appreciation for the cultural and historical richness of the Urdu language. |
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| ادب کا تکنیکی تناظر:منتخب اردو مزاحیہ نثر میں تکنیکی صورتیں | This research providesa detailed analysis of the technical aspects of humour in selected Urdu humorous prose, focusing on the writings of Gul-e-Naukhaiz Akhtar and Iqrar Hussain Sheikh. Humour in literature is not just about creating laughter; it is a serious art form that can heal, reform, and provoke thought. Through humour, writers offer relief from social pressures, address complex issues, and subtly encourage positive change. The study explores how these selected humourists skilfully use literary techniques such as character humour, situational comedy, parody, wordplay, puns, irony, metaphors, and symbolic expressions to craft effective humour. It also categorizes humour into pure humour, narrative humour, dark humour, and nonsensical humour, providing a technical breakdown of each type and its role in engaging the reader. The research methodology is based on content analysis, focusing on how humour is intentionally structured within the text to convey deeper meanings. The selected works not only provide laughter but also serve as tools for social critique and intellectual development. Humour is shown as a powerful literary device that can reduce mental stress, promote critical thinking, and strengthen cultural values. This research fills a significant gap in Urdu literary studies by offering a technical perspective on humour, an area that has been largely ignored in previous research. It demonstrates that humour, when carefully crafted, becomes more than entertainment—it becomes a meaningful way to understand society, human psychology, and the complexities of life. |
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| تہذیبی مکالمہ اور بین الثقافتی ہم آہنگی: اردو میں چینی ادبی تراجم کاتنقیدی جائزہ | In this research article, the Urdu translation of one of the renowned Chinese Novel ‘’The Romance of three Kingdoms’’ is critically analysed. This novel is considered the first novel in Chines literature and as well as in world literature. The period of 3rd century AD has been discussed, in a very literary manner. This Urdu translation of classical Chinese novel depicts the Socio-economic and geopoliticalcircumstances of that society, which was under circus due to political instability. The novel highlighted the restless struggle of the countrymen for the unity of their motherland. The important aspect of this piece of reading is the updated and modern war strategy to defend and offend against the enemy. This novelis a source of dialogue between the Chinese and Pakistani civilizations. This would provide an opportunity for the intercultural harmony. |
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| لسانیات کا تناظر اور اردو بطور ذریعہ تعلیم: پاکستانی نظام تعلیم و تدریس میں لسانی ترجیحات کے اردو زبان پر اثرات کا جائزہ | Pakistan in the light of Modern educational system. I make a case for inculcating Pakistan’s mother language at the root of all primary education.As we know that language encompasses all aspects of life. Language is the identity of a human, his first tool of expression and his mode of passing knowledge. So, mother language plays a pivotal role in any individuals life. Language is not only a mode of communication but also an integral part of individual and collective cultural identity. By making English the language of teaching, we have created an atmosphere where our current educational system has become an unfamiliar territory for students. Moreover, the regional languages of Pakistan face fears of extinction as Urdu is declared as national language for unity and English is declared as official language for imperial reasons. Prior studies on linguistic preferences appears Sentimental and imprudent. Mother tongues diversion a fundamental role in the material and mental development of individuals and nations. In order to save our languages, their importance, place and utility should be determined so that they do not suffer from linguistic bias and any kind of distortion |
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| مابعد نو آبادیات اور اُردو ادب: منتخب اُردو آپ بیتیوں میں ردِ استعمار تناظر کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی مطالعہ | Colonialism and De-colonialism are the terms which has broadly affected the societies in all fields. These terms have greatly reflected in the literature of colony, especially the autobiographies written by the intellectuals of the colony. Colonialism is a type of governance in which the powerful unitedly enslave the oppressors. Colonialism calmly exploits economic, social, political and sociological rights of the natives. In this research dissertation, author have conducted the research in autobiographies named “KALA-PANI”, “KAID-EFARANG”, “BOE GUL NALAE-DIL DODE CHARAGHE MEHFIL” and “NAKABAL-E- FARAMOSH”, in the light of colonialist and De-colonialistic back ground. In the autobiographies, autobiographists had depicted the conditions which they had faced. The autobiographies show the facts through which the colonieser got control over the religious, political, sociological and economical fields of life of British India. As for as the resistance to this panorama, De-coloialistic movements have prevailed in the colonial era. Yet colonialism have also affected the native civilization and languages. Colonialism have changed the internal fabric of the colonized society and have transformed the educational, artistic and traditional face of the colony. |
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| مدحیہ شاعری کا مذہبی تناظر: معاصر اردو نعت کا فکری، ہیئتی اور اسلوبی مطالعہ | The intellectual, Formative and stylistic study of contemporary Urdu naat is a unique naat topic of the 21st century. On which I started research after receiving formal permission from the university. To work on this topic, I took great care of this matter. It is necessary for the chosen Naat poet to have his poetry published in the well-known national “Naat magazines”, “Naat Rang”, “Forough Naat”, Literature and Monthly Naat, and three Naats from the published books of that poet. The books have been published since 2000 and in that Naatiya poetry we find intellectual, Formative and stylistic experiences. So, twelve poets who fulfilled these research standards came forward are: Ashfaq Ahmad Ghauri, Tabish Kamal, Hafeez Taib, Raja Rasheed Mehmood, Rafi uddin Zaki Qureshi, Riaz Hussain Chaudhary, Dr. Aziz Ahsan, Gahar Azmi, Muhammad Iqbal Hussain Najmi, Muhammad Amin Sajid Saeedee, Muhammad Hanif Nazish Qadri and Yusuf Rahi Chatgami. Only Naatiya poetry of these poets has been researched. Hamdiya and Manqbati poetry included in his Naatiya collections have been left out of the research. This is the first work of its kind in the present era. In the light of advices and guidance, has brought it to completion with hard work. I have divided it into five chapters. Chapter I. Introduction to the topic and basic discussions Chapter II. Intellectual study of contemporary Urdu Naat xi Chapter III. Contemporary Urdu naat study in Form Chapter IV: A stylistic study of contemporary Urdu Naat Chapter V. Overall assessment, results, recommendations In the first chapter, along with the introduction of the subject, some basic discussions on the definition and understanding of thought and style have been discussed and a brief review of the tradition of Urdu Naat has been taken. The commonalities and differences that are found in the words of the poets of the present era have been pointed out and along with them, the intellectual distinctions that establish a boundary between the ancient and modern Natiya literature have been highlighted. In the third chapter. Formative study of contemporary Urdu Naat has been carried out here also by adopting the above style of research, Formative commonalities and differences and Formative distinctions of contemporary Urdu Naat have been brought to the fore. While in the fifth chapter, the overall assessment of contemporary Urdu naat has been carried out and the position and status of contemporary Urdu naat is determined by deriving the results. Moreover, some recommendations are made. |
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| ناول اوربیاناتی تجربات:عصری اردو ناول کےبیانیے میں فنی مباحث، مسائل اور امکانات کامطالعہ | Narratology is the study of narrative structure. This study looks at the structure, method and composition of fiction. How a narrative is formed is also seen in it. This mainly highlighters the rules and regulations of a fiction and also identifies the composition of a fiction which connects one fiction with the other. In the above mentioned research papers, contemporary Urdu novels have been studied in the context of selected narratology terms. In the selected terms experiments of narrators, story, discourse, metafiction, frame narrative, focalization and points of view are included. In the first chapter of the research paper narratology and its selected terms are introduced. Differences between narratology, structuralism, semiotics and the study methods are described. The distinction between narration and ‘narrative’ in fiction is clarified. Selected Narratology terms, narrators experiences, story, discourse, metafiction, frame narrative, focalization point of view, perspectives scope and methodology are defined . In the second chapter of research thesis, ‘’Hassan ki sort-e-hal … Khali jaghein pur karo ka Bayaniaati mutala’’, the novel has been studied in the context of these selected terms. In this novel, the structure and methods of narrative are observed. In the third chapter “Chaar Darwesh aur aik kachhwa ka Bayaniaati mutala” narrative experiments have been studied in the context of above mentioned terms. In the fourth chapter of thesis, “Meera ji k liye ka Bayaniaati mutala” the novel has also been studied in the context of theoretical discussions. In the last chapter of the paper, a practical research is done. In this study, the bioethical experiments in contemporary Urdu (Selected novels) were seen. The narrative structures of these novels and the rules regulations used in them were discussed. The result of this research is the experiences of the narrator, the revolutionary vision and the point of view from the incident, the story or the overall novel. Narrator is central in the pretext. Most things in the narratology revolve around the narrator or are formed because the reason is the narrator. And the result of the research is that the rlietoric experiences give artistic greatness to a work of art. And narrative experiences grant the required genre structure of any piece of art. |
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| اردو تنقید کے نسائی تناظرات: پاکستانی خواتین ادبیوں کے تنقیدی مضامین کا متن اساس مطالعہ | In this research those female critics have been selected who have enhanced their creativity and innovation by utilizing different techniques. These female critics attempt to explore and express the feminine concept of criticism in their writings. Through their research, it is proposed that they have been quite successful in transforming their senses, emotions, experiences and issues. In this way they will try to focus on the impact of female identity , culture and ability of criticism in Urdu literature. In this study Pakistani women writers have been selected who made their own identity in creation as well as criticism and introduced new subjects for Urdu criticism with their unique style of critique. Earlier than Mumtaz Shireen there were a few women who contributed in Urdu criticism e.g. Dr. Firdous and Begum Akram Ullah through foundation of Urdu criticism. Foundation of women urdu critism was formally laid by Mumtaz Shireen and then it led to a series of women critics. The proposed research paper in hand entails females who are primarily creators or creators who strives to be keen with their intellectual and emotional expression.Their focus imperatively revolves around questions related to human existence, the nature and meaning of the universe and life, and in this journey they probe new questions with in their craft. The distinctive angles of these creators have given them a reason to analyze and interpret. In the proposed paper, chosen writers are poets as well as critics and have been publishing their articles on criticism in reputed journals of their era. In this paper, their articles about criticism have been reviewed in the context of text-based criticism, and the point of how this text impacts the reader, has also been studied. Both the subjects chosen by women critics for their criticism and the ideas presented to them during the criticism are being observed in this study. In this regard, the paper also examines the panache, coherence and objectivity in their subjects. Along with tradition and modernity, these women critics have also examined how they dealt with feminine consciousness within a cultural perspective. In proposed paper, critical articles on diverse topics of women have been written.These proves that women do not believe in attaching any gender tag in the tendency of criticism. In their style, the ideology of thought is also prominent and also, there is an amalgamation of tradition and modernity. Women upkeep the idea of feminism with a feminist consciousness, and the articles on civilization depict a prominence of historical references. As per researcher’s opinion, a lack in tendency to criticize the work of art on the basis of any ideology or theory is noticeable in the articles of criticism by women writers. However, in viii today's era, women critics are definitely a few steps behind the male critics, but in any case, their critical analysis cannot be neglected. There is a substantial number of women in Urdu criticism, whose ideas and critical thoughts can be studied to infer the standard of criticism by the contemporary women critics. In addition, a comparative study of the critical concepts of female and male critics on critical topics can also assist in hilighting the capability of women in Urdu criticism. |
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| اردو ناول اور سافٹ سائنس فکشن:ناول"پو کے مان کی دنیا"اور صفر سے ایک تک"کا مطالعہ | A comparative study involves the comparison or evaluation of two or more objects, fields, or arts to identify their similarities and differences and draw conclusions. This process acts as a mental stimulus for us. In our daily lives, whether consciously or unconsciously, we are constantly comparing and contrasting two things. During this process, various branches of knowledge can assist us. Science and fiction are two distinct fields. Science is an observational and concrete experimental discipline. Theories and laws in science can be tested through experiments, and these experiments can be repeated multiple times. Fiction, on the other hand, is a branch of the arts that involves storytelling or narrative based on specific literary rules and imaginative or conceptual elements. The genre that bridges the deep gap between science and literature is science fiction. This genre speculates on the development and impact of science and technology. Its subgenre, soft science fiction, focuses on social sciences while maintaining an element of speculation. It illustrates the benefits and implications of future technology and the environments it creates. Today’s era is defined by technology, particularly digital technology. Technology and society are inseparable, especially in contemporary times when life without technology is unimaginable. Digital technology has interconnected individuals and societies across the globe. This interconnectedness has introduced new challenges for both individuals and society. Mirza Athar Baig’s scientific insight stems from his graduation in science, while his higher education is in philosophy. This intersection of science and philosophy has enabled him to observe society and its issues through a scientific lens. In his novel Sifr Se Ek Tak (From Zero to One), Baig addresses themes like feudalism, ix computers, technology, globalization, and their impact on civilization, culture, ethics, and psychology. The advent of modern technology in a semi-feudal and semi-developed society has given rise to numerous issues. On the other hand, Musharraf Alam Zauqi inherited his passion for literature. His father was a poet, and frequent exposure to his father’s poetry fostered an emotional attachment to the craft. This connection was so profound that his father nicknamed him "Zauqi." In his novel Pokémon Ki Duniya (The World of Pokémon), Zauqi explores neocolonialism, consumerism, media, globalization, the internet, technology, and the influence of Western civilization. He portrays chaotic future scenarios under the dominance of media and digital technology. A comparison of the two novels reveals that Mirza Athar Baig has speculated on technology while highlighting both its positive and negative impacts. In contrast, Musharraf Alam Zauqi has focused solely on the negative effects of technology. Compared to Zauqi, Mirza Athar Baig has made a commendable effort to present both sides of the picture. |
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| ادب اور ٹراما:مابعد نائن الیون اردو ناول کا تجزیاتی مطالعہq |
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| اردو جاسوسی ناول میں کردار نگاری: ارتقائی مطالعہ (ابن صفی ، اشتیاق احمد اور مظہرکلیم کے کرداروں کے تجزیےو تقابل کی روشنی میں) | Characters play a major role in the popularity of Urdu detective literature. Among the best-known Urdu detective novelists, the characters of Ibn-e-Safi, Ishtiaq Ahmed and Mazhar Kaleem gained such popularity that they became the standard reference of Urdu detective literature. Looking at the popularity of these characters, it was felt necessary to find out how the above-mentioned three writers created their characters? What standards of characterization were established so that elements of their popularity could be brought to the attention of Urdu detective literature fans and researchers . Since the purpose of this research was to highlight the characterization of the popular authors of Urdu detective literature, the main characters of the three authors were selected for the research. The intellectual, psychological and professional evolution is examined, so that the process of characterization can be fully evaluated and the diversity, change and development in the social, literary and political tendencies and ideas of the three writers over time can be seen in the light of the evolution of the characters.Therefore, along with the elements of popularity of the characters, the aspects of intellectual development of the authors have also been highlighted through this research and the standards and processes of their character writing have been evaluated to the extent possible. The research which makes it clear that these writers embellished their main characters with what qualities and what changes happened in them over time. This discussion revealed the factors behind the popularity of these characters . The uniqueness of this research is that it has not only reviewed the characterization of the three famous writers mentioned above, but also compared and evaluated the main characters along with their evolution. Much has been written on Ibn Safi's characterization, but nowhere is there a review of Ishtiaq Ahmad and Mazhar Kaleem's detective literature or their characterizations with such detail. Also, by x analyzing, comparing and evaluating the main characters of the three authors, the art of characterization of the three authors has come to light, from which many new aspects of the characterization of these authors have been revealed to the readers and researcher . From the review of the characterization of the three most famous authors of Urdu detective literature, it was found that these three authors were aware of and influenced by the social thoughts, political conditions, social trends and contemporary demands of their time. At the same time these characters inform the readers about their mood, character and mental tendencies. The characters realize the intangible social, political, regional and global changes taking place in that era and especially tried to make them aware of the possible threats and propose solutions to the problems and difficulties by themselves. Through their popular characters, all the three authors tried to educate the youth psychologically, mentally and politically and exhorted them to stay away from vices and play a purposeful and noble role in the society. There are many qualities in the characterization of the three authors and where the researcher has seen a deficiency or weakness, it has been marked, but the researcher has no hesitation in saying that in the light of the standards of characterization, Ibn-e-Safi's character’s meets the criteria of High Literature. |
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