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ماحول اور ادب:آزاد کشمیر کی اردو شاعری کا ماحولیاتی تنقید کے تناظر میں جائزہ TITLE: ECO AND LITERATUR: AN ECO-CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AZAD KASHMIR’S URDU POETRY Eco-criticism is a modern age critical perspective which deals with the study of relation between nature and literature. As this age is facing serious environmental crises and these crises are the result of man’s undue interference in the green world, which includes the destruction of nature, establishment of industries, construction of buildings and roads in wild areas, development of cities and towns etc. Eco-criticism strongly condemns the anthropocentric way of interference. It reconsiders the relation of human with non-human nature by considering this Earth and Bio as center which promotes biocentrism. The alarming situation of environmental crises demands a serious concern at every level. Word literature and criticism is focusing this issue at satisfactory level. Many books are appearing on the scene in a short period including Science, Science fiction, fiction, non-fiction, poetry and criticism. Urdu literature has deep concern and realization of this changing environmental situation and local environmental problems. But Eco-critical study of these kinds of writings is not meeting the need. This research is a step towards the need of hour. It is an ECO-CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AZAD KASHMIR’S URDU POETRY. Azad Kashmir has a rich history of literature in the continuation of the legacy Azad Kashmir is producing more and more literary people. The poets of Kashmir are introducing a unique style of Nature Writings which fulfils the environmental needs as well as meet the needs of a master piece of Poetics. In this Research the researcher will analyze Azad Kashmir's Urdu poetry through four eco-critical perspectives WILDERNESS, BIOCENTRISM, LITERATURE OF PLACE AND PASTORALISM. This critical analysis will be considered a fruitful contribution of researcher in Urdu Ecocriticism.
ماہنامہ"اردو ڈائجسٹ"،"حکایت"،"سیارہ"": تقابلی مطالعہ(ادب عالیہ،مقبول عام افسانوی ادب،پلپ فکشن کے حوالے سے) Monthly "Urdu Digest", "Hikayat", "Siyara": Comparative study (with regard to literature, popular fiction, pulp fiction) . The paper under review is about a comparative study of the monthly Urdu Digest, Hakkait, Sayara. This is an important topic in which literature, popular general fiction, and pulp fiction are elaborated because digests are the focus of attention for new writers and digests publish texts according to the mood of the readership in society. An attempt has been made to bring the fictions and novels published in these literary digests to the public in a better way. The researcher has tried to compare the writings included in the current digests by intellectually analyzing them. These digests are also important and have the status of literary digests because the writings included in them are of famous writers of Urdu literature. The researcher read them carefully and expressed concern about them. The stories included in them are influential and the digests have added a little to their quality by including them. These digests are paving the way for new writers. He embellished his digests with the writings of many famous writers related to literature, including Ashfaq Ahmed, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi, Khadija Mastoor, Intizar Hussain, Hijab Imtiaz Ali Taj, etc. The stories of Razia Butt, Neelam Ahmed Bashir were also given space by these digests, many more names are included besides them. The researcher realizes how hard these literary digests have worked to improve the quality of their digests. An analytical study has also been done in this paper after intellectual review. The researcher also made a comparison after making intellectual and technical evaluation and tried to check which digests have better maintained their quality with the aim of inculcating literary taste in the reader through their writings. The researcher has also studied and compared other different genres included in these digests, including poetry, unforgettable events, Jag Beti, Aap Beti, interviews. The researcher has tried to find similarities and differences between these digests by doing a comparative analysis of the texts included in them. After studying all these writings, their process in obtaining these digests helped the researcher to highlight the importance of digests. Digests and literary magazines represent the people of the society, just as literary works lead to change in the thinking of the readers, so the digest is undoubtedly the best effort. The researcher has tried to bring out many new aspects on this subject .
ادب اور فنونِ لطیفہ: اردو ادب کے فروغ میں مصوری کے کردار کا مطالعہ Creativity is a necessary part of human nature, with time man has mastered many arts. Among the fine arts, poetry, and painting are two such arts that have been a part of human life since human society and conscious adulthood, in the past and present, there have been some artists who have adapted the ideas of poetry in painting in such a way that the meaning of the poem has been greatly increased and the understanding of the poem has been greatly helped besides they created timeless works of art by mixing poetry and color. In the article under review, detailed factual research has been done about such artists. This research work will surely broaden the scope of Urdu literature. This research work is divided into five parts. In the first part, the introduction of the subject and the basic discussions have been given a detailed light on the development of fine arts. In the second part, a technical and intellectual review of the artworks made by Abdul Rahman Chagatai on Kalam Ghalib and Iqbal is presented. In the third part, an artistic and intellectual review of Syed Sadequain Ahmad Naqvi's works on Kalam Ghalib, Iqbal, and Faiz was presented. In the fourth part, a technical and intellectual review of Aslam Kamal's works on Kalam Iqbal and Faiz was presented. In the fifth part, an artistic and intellectual review of the works of Wasi Haider, Makhdoom Sadiq Khan, and AS Rand has been presented on Kalam Ghalib, Iqbal, Faiz, Faraz, and Akhtar Reza Salimi. The final part of this research work carries the conclusion of the
جادوئی حقیقت نگاری کے مباحث و اطلاق: اردو ناول کا تکنیکی مطالعہ The term "Magical realism" translated as “Jadowi Haqiqat” in Urdu is a modern technique in novel.Hwan Rulfo, for the first time, used it in his novels. Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s novel, “One Hundred Years of Solitude”, is the first demonstration of thistechnique.In Urdu literature, many a writer such as Qurahtul-Ainn-Haider, Dr. Muhammad Ahsen Farooqi, Shamasur Rehman Farooqi, Mustanser Hussain Tarrar , Dr.Waheed Ahmad, Akhtar Raza Saleemi and Syed Kashif Raza has made effective use of this technique in their fictional works. As socio-political scenery since the inception of Pakistan has undergone drastic change, so has the case with writing techniques used for their representation.New methods, approaches and techniques have become effective tools of narratology in world literature. The Latin novelist Gabriel Garcia Marquez by using the technique of "Magical Realism" in his novel“One Hundred Years of Solitude” in 1967, revolutionized the style of narration all over the world, and Urdu Literature is no exception especially in the first half of twentieth century characterized by the use of various descriptive techniques like letters, diaries, flash backs, flash forwards,surrealism and realism etc.Magical Realism is one of such powerful techniques. The first chapter intends to clarify the origin, upbringing, definitions and background of Magical Realism. It also deals with the analysis of and motives of the technique.The impressions and effects of magical realism upon Urdu Novels have also been critically discussed. In second chapter, supernatural machinery and exaggerative elements have been discussed with reference to the novels, "Aagkadarya", " Chandani beghum " and "Sangum".. The third chapter presents comparative analysis of novels“Bahao" and "Muntaq ul taeer,Jadeed by Mustansir HussainTarar and the novel"zino" by Dr.Waheed Ahmad regarding the use Magical Realism technique. The Forth chapter deals with the comparative analysis from the view point of the use of Magical Realism in the novels, "Qabaz-e-Zaman" by Shamasur Rehman Farooqi,and"Jagay hein khawab mein" by Akhtar Raza Salemi along with " Chaar Darwesh and Ek khachwa" by Syed Kashif Raza. The fifth and final chapter ends the work with manifestation of outcomes, references and citations of resources.
جادوئی حقیقت نگاری کے مباحث و اطلاق: اردو ناول کا تکنیکی مطالعہ The term "Magical realism" translated as “Jadowi Haqiqat” in Urdu is a modern technique in novel.Hwan Rulfo, for the first time, used it in his novels. Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s novel, “One Hundred Years of Solitude”, is the first demonstration of thistechnique.In Urdu literature, many a writer such as Qurahtul-Ainn-Haider, Dr. Muhammad Ahsen Farooqi, Shamasur Rehman Farooqi, Mustanser Hussain Tarrar , Dr.Waheed Ahmad, Akhtar Raza Saleemi and Syed Kashif Raza has made effective use of this technique in their fictional works. As socio-political scenery since the inception of Pakistan has undergone drastic change, so has the case with writing techniques used for their representation.New methods, approaches and techniques have become effective tools of narratology in world literature. The Latin novelist Gabriel Garcia Marquez by using the technique of "Magical Realism" in his novel“One Hundred Years of Solitude” in 1967, revolutionized the style of narration all over the world, and Urdu Literature is no exception especially in the first half of twentieth century characterized by the use of various descriptive techniques like letters, diaries, flash backs, flash forwards,surrealism and realism etc.Magical Realism is one of such powerful techniques. The first chapter intends to clarify the origin, upbringing, definitions and background of Magical Realism. It also deals with the analysis of and motives of the technique.The impressions and effects of magical realism upon Urdu Novels have also been critically discussed. In second chapter, supernatural machinery and exaggerative elements have been discussed with reference to the novels, "Aagkadarya", " Chandani beghum " and "Sangum".. The third chapter presents comparative analysis of novels“Bahao" and "Muntaq ul taeer,Jadeed by Mustansir HussainTarar and the novel"zino" by Dr.Waheed Ahmad regarding the use Magical Realism technique. The Forth chapter deals with the comparative analysis from the view point of the use of Magical Realism in the novels, "Qabaz-e-Zaman" by Shamasur Rehman Farooqi,and"Jagay hein khawab mein" by Akhtar Raza Salemi along with " Chaar Darwesh and Ek khachwa" by Syed Kashif Raza. The fifth and final chapter ends the work with manifestation of outcomes, references and citations of resources.
ادب کے ابلاغی مطالعات: نظریہ تواخذ کے تناظر میں ڈراما سیریز "غالب" کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ Adaptation is a process in which text is presented in shape of videos. During adaptation, changes in source texts are inevitable as textual data and videos have different forms. Biographical Picture is very important source of information of key figures, these pictures give audience important information about key personalities. Visual content analysis is very important while watching the BioS Pic. It shows audience and imaginative version of key personalities. Sampuran Singh Kalra Gulzar, an Indian intellectual and lover of Mirza Ghalib, presented the biography of Ghalib in a dramatic form and made the common people aware of Ghalib's personality and art. The purpose of this research is to analyze Ghalib's personality, art and contemporary situation with reference to the play and source texts, and to analyze the changes made during adaptation. During this research historical research method was adopted. Every effort was made to access the source texts. Gulzar implemented all techniques of adaptations as per requirements of the stage. Overall it was a good attempt to present Ghalib's biography, art and the contemporary situation of that time.
جدید اردو نظم کا مبہم بیانیہ: زوالِ مہا بیانیہ کے تناظر میں (ساٹھ سے نوے کی دہائی تک) In this thesis, an attempt has been made to understand the ambiguity of modern Urdu poetry as a phenomenon. The ambiguous narrative of the modern poem has been debated in the literary world for decades. The majority of the readers think that the modern Urdu poem does not accept the responsibility of communication and expression, while the poets associated with the trend of ambiguity are of the opinion that the modern poem is not vague, in fact the reader is still connected with the tradition and modern trends which is making them unable to understand. In order to understand the nature of this problem, poems from the nineteen sixties to the 2000s have been studied indiscriminately. In the movement of linguistic reformation that started in the sixties, an attempt was made to express a new poetic expression by completely deviating from the traditional one. The intellectual and stylistic changes in poetry during this period gave rise to serious problems of ambiguity in modern poetry. The movement of linguistic reformations died out within just a few years after its failure, but the tendency of ambiguity in poetry continued. Therefore, the trend of ambiguities has been studied under European literary trends and the contemporary situation, especially the intellectual degeneration caused by the decline of the grand narrative. IX Poems ranging from the 1960 to 2000 period have been studied indiscriminately and it has been observed that ambiguity is not a general attitude of poetry but rather a tendency with which certain poets are associated. This is an alternative account that gives special importance to ambiguity in the standards of modern poetry. It has been observed that attempts are made to keep the narrative of the poem deliberately vague so that the intellectual decay caused by epics does not create a shallow meaning in the poem. This covenant is not of wisdom but of skeptical and contemplative thoughts. Such ideas arise due to not seeing life under any specific intellectual system, so their expression cannot create specific depths of meaning in the poem. Ideas of this nature communicate not at the level of meaning but rather at the current state of mind and perception. Therefore, in the craft of poems attributed to ambiguity, such poetic accessories are used which transfer the state and impression to the reader but actually confuse the poem. This occurs to such an extent that the suspicion of the meaning remains but the poem does not project an associated or coherent meaning to the reader.
منتخب اردو سفر نامے پر مصری تاریخ و تہذیب کے اثرات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ The travelogue has a high literary quality as it has great educational, informative and social values. It has deep connection with history and civilization. A travel writer explores new destinations and describes the history, civilization, culture, ethics, law, technology, religion, art, literature and geography of that particular place from his perspective. Therefore, in this genre of literature, the traveler's aspect directly interacts with history and civilizations. This thesis "An Analytical Study of the influence of Egyptian History and Civilization on Selected Urdu Travelogues" is truly unique as its subject and content discuss ancient Egyptian history and civilization through Urdu travelogues. During the journey, Egyptian history and civilization have been discussed with the help of various archeological sites. The influence of history and culture in Urdu travelogues can be seen regularly in the middle of the 19th century when the body of Pharaoh was exhumed, which revealed the ancient history of Egypt once again in Urdu travelogues. The effects of World War II in the mid-20th century can be seen in travelogues everywhere in the world. For this reason, the historical style has also been adopted. An analysis of Egyptian history and culture has been presented in this research. This discussion is completed in the first chapter. In the second and third chapters, an attempt is made to show how the travel writers treat history and civilization in their travelogues and also make recommendations for further study
نظریہ تواخذ کے تناظر میں ڈراما" انارکلی" اور فلم "مغل اعظم" کا تقابلی مطالعہ The actors' movements and dialogues which are presented on the screen through the medium of film communication. Through film, education, entertainment, history, culture and civilization can be preserved and presented to the world. The human emotions presented on the screen such as sadness, love, hatred ,revenge, jealousy and sympathy etc. can be enjoyed in a better way through display than writing . The proposed topic is based on a comparative study of Syed Imtiaz Ali Taj's play "Anar Kali" and the film adapted from it "Mughal Azam". The play "Anar Kali" was written in 1920 and first published in 1932, while The film "Mughal-e- Azam" graced the screen in 1960. Adaptation is a process of medium change in which an idea, feeling or emotion can be transferred from one medium of expression to another medium. When the text is adapted to the screen, for various reasons, multiple transitions are inevitable in this process. Dealing with different genres of literature actually gives rise to a topic like comparative study. The proposed research examines what changes have been made while transposing the drama Anaar Kali into the form of the film Mughal e Azam. The question is whether the themes, language, characters, events and dialogues of the play are different or similar to the themes, language, characters, events and dialogues of the movie? In this regard, the research has been done under the theory of Adaptation and the similarities and differences have been described under the empirical method. The proposed research has been divided into four main and central chapters whereas the fifth chapter consists of derivatives.The first chapter contains the introduction and basic discussions of the subject research. The second chapter is based on the comparative evaluation of the theme and language presentation of the XI drama "Anar Kali" in the movie "Mughal e Azam" under the context of the derivation theory and interpretation. The third chapter consists of literature in which the similarities and innovations found are evaluated under the comparative method. The fourth chapter is based on the comparative evaluation of the presentation of events and dialogues of the drama "Anar Kali" in the film "Mughal Azam" under the theory of derivation. The last chapter is the conclusion, in which the overall review, conclusions and recommendations of the research under review are arranged.
اردو فلمی گیتوں کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ:ثقافتی حوالے سے(1931 سے 1980) ABSTRACT Title: An Analytical Study of Urdu Film Songs: In a cultural context A culture is actually a group of individuals, groups or peoples who inherently share a culture. Anthropologists and sociologists consider human gathering or group as the cause of such social production that results in language, human values, and knowledge and art or many other material goods. They divide things into good and bad, they also consider ways of doing things as good or bad, and divide material and immaterial things into good or bad, including our arts, tools, our clothes, clothing and Includes use of profession and money. The tradition of song in the subcontinent is conditioned by music and music has existed in India since ancient times. Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and Taxila's capital of many sciences and arts has been traveling through time, and its shape, form and characteristics have been changing during the journey of thousands of years. Poetry, music, sculpture, arithmetic and numerology, astrology, painting, dance, books of gods and countless other sciences of this kind have been flourishing in India. This research topic is divided into five chapters which are arranged chronologically. In the first chapter, the basic discussions and in the second chapter, the cultural elements in Urdu film songs were explored from 1931 to 1947. Similarly, the third chapter includes 1948 to 1960, the fourth chapter includes 1961 to 1980. In the above three chapters, the reflection and interpretation of local cultural elements, mythological elements and Hindu Muslim cultural elements used in Urdu songs have been brought out through research. While in the fifth chapter, the local cultural elements, linguistic experiences, Pakistani and Indian cultural and social conflicts and differences, as well as modern global trends in songwriting and global cultural changes have been discussed.
اکیسویں صدی میں پاکستانی اردو افسانے کا سماجی تناظر:تغیر پذیر معاشرتی اقدار کی عکاسی کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی مطالعہ ABSTRACT This Research work examines the Pakistani Urdu Fiction of 21 st century from a social context, focusing on the reflection of changing social values. The study aims to understand how contemporary Urdu Literature portrays and responds to the evolving social dynamics in Pakistan. Society is never precisely the same from one moment to the next. Change is the very core of life. Society accepts global influences, it is affected by all sorts of factors, problems, and development projects. These issues include natural disasters, technological advancements and socio-political transformations etc. which affect the situation profoundly. Social change breaks the traditional process that gives rise to new demands. As a society develops and accepts the effects of other factors, its values also ​​change. It absorbs some new beliefs, customs, values, ​​and 7 practices. Literature is a mirror of society. The writers, with different aspects of expression, are set to reflect social values, customs, and issues. The lives of people living in any human society are reflected by their traditions, beliefs, and values. That is why this research has examined its reflection in Urdu fiction. To study under this research project out of three major Perspectives of sociology Functionalism and Emile Durkheim’s “Theory of Social Facts” has been considered. The basis of this theory is that society develops through common values. “Social Facts” refers to the external and objective aspects of society that have a powerful influence on individuals. Functionalists believe that social values ​​are a necessary part of social organization and that changes in social values ​​can help to adapt society to changing circumstances. These changes can be gradual or rapid, and they can have far-reaching effects on social institutions and patterns of social behavior. This theory emphasizes that for a healthy society, society needs to find a balance between tradition and innovation to ensure its continued stability and well-being. In view of this research and critical study of the changing social values in the Short Stories published during the first two decades of the 21st century. The Research Design Of study is Qualitative. Textual analysis (Descriptive method) has been used as a research method. Data was collected from both sources i.e., Primary, and secondary sources. The research is structured into four chapters; the first chapter presents as general introductory (A study of values and causes of social change which affects the values, Introduction to theories of sociology, a general introduction to Emile Durkheim's works and an overview of Pakistani Urdu fiction.) Particularly in this chapter the essential conceptual material has been brought into sharper focus. While the second, third and fourth chapter deals with the reflection of social values in 21st century fiction and at the end finally, the overview concludes the study, results and recommendations are presented. The study reveals that Pakistani Urdu fiction of the 21 st century reflects a complex interplay between tradition and modernity, local and global influences, and conservative and progressive values. The selected work also depicts various social issues. 8 The Findings of this research contributes to the existing body of knowledge on Pakistani Urdu Fiction and its relationship with the changing social fabric. By analyzing the works in the context of evolving societal values, this study provides valuable insights into the cultural, political, and social landscape of Pakistan in 21 st century. This research also highlights the role of literature as a mirror that reflects and critiques the prevailing social conditions, making it a significant medium for understanding and navigating societal transformations. This research invites other researchers on the selected genre of fiction in multiple ways in our postmodern world.
تدریس اردو بطور غیر ملکی زبان:مسائل اور امکانات کا جائزہ(پڑھنے اور لکھنے کی مہارت کے حوالے سے) Abstract Title: Teaching of Urdu as a Foreign Language: Thr Study of Problems and Prospects (With the refrance to Reading and Writing skills) Abstract: Teaching of a language as foreign language is a phenomenon that have different features than that of teaching of the language to native speakers of the same language. A number of models can be found on teaching foreign langue based on different approaches and contexts. However, in spite of the fact that Urdu is being taught as foreign language for more than two centuries, very few works are available on the topic. Originality and quality is another issue as most of the works are just compilation or repetition of previous works. In this situation there is a continuous need of new studies with modern approaches as the number of students opting Urdu to learn as foreign language is on increase. Thisstudy is an effort to identify problems faced by the students at different levels and possible solutions and techniques to overcome or mitigate them. The study is delimited to two of the four skills i.e. reading and writing. Initial part of this study reviews and analyzes the previous works on the topic. Afterwards problems faced by the students and their possible solutions are presented in successive chapters. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of research are used on different stages of the study. Findings and result are also presented in both forms i.e. narration and tabulation. The study reveals that contrary to the popular perception that Urdu is a difficult language to learn as a foreign language, sounds, script and structures of Urdu are not much complicated. However, methodology and techniques often used to teach Urdu need improvement and innovation.
تدریس اردو بطور غیر ملکی زبان:مسائل اور امکانات کا جائزہ(پڑھنے اور لکھنے کی مہارت کے حوالے سے) Abstract Title: Teaching of Urdu as a Foreign Language: Thr Study of Problems and Prospects (With the refrance to Reading and Writing skills) Abstract: Teaching of a language as foreign language is a phenomenon that have different features than that of teaching of the language to native speakers of the same language. A number of models can be found on teaching foreign langue based on different approaches and contexts. However, in spite of the fact that Urdu is being taught as foreign language for more than two centuries, very few works are available on the topic. Originality and quality is another issue as most of the works are just compilation or repetition of previous works. In this situation there is a continuous need of new studies with modern approaches as the number of students opting Urdu to learn as foreign language is on increase. Thisstudy is an effort to identify problems faced by the students at different levels and possible solutions and techniques to overcome or mitigate them. The study is delimited to two of the four skills i.e. reading and writing. Initial part of this study reviews and analyzes the previous works on the topic. Afterwards problems faced by the students and their possible solutions are presented in successive chapters. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of research are used on different stages of the study. Findings and result are also presented in both forms i.e. narration and tabulation. The study reveals that contrary to the popular perception that Urdu is a difficult language to learn as a foreign language, sounds, script and structures of Urdu are not much complicated. However, methodology and techniques often used to teach Urdu need improvement and innovation.
ثقافتی اظہار اور زبان:عربی اور اردو کی مشترک ضرب الامثال کا ثقافتی مطالعہ Title: (Language and Culture: Cultural Study of Arabic and Urdu Common Proverbs) Culture is an aspect in which the identity of nations and regions is established and this recognition is their national identity throughout the world. In it, the way of life of the people, customs, traditions, sciences and arts, religious values and mythological matters are also discussed. And above all the linguistic aspect is important in which linguistic variation is a mirror of temporal changes In which proverbs play the most important role. Proverbs are present in every language of the world and in all of them there is some resemblance. The culture and lifestyle of the people of their region is revealed in proverbs. A proverb not only contains wisdom and intellect but also contains a complete reference to society, customs and traditions. In this research, by comparing the sayings of two different societies and cultures, i.e., Arabic and Urdu, similarities and differences have been brought out at the linguistic and semantic level. If we study the proverbs carefully, we get some special qualities like: wisdom, brevity, long experiences, laws of intelligence and paranormal expression etc. The points that have emerged from the comparison of the sayings of both languages are more important; In any proverb, regional customs, customs and traditions, arts and sciences and local religious customs, superstitions and myths are taken for cultural expression. There is no difference in vocabulary and meaning in some proverbs of Arabic and Urdu. The same wisdom appears. Some of the proverbs of Urdu are influenced by the Arabic culture, which is due to the religion of Islam. In Urdu and Arabic proverbs, there is abundant mention of their own geographical culture.