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Title پاکستانی اردو افسانے میں دہشت گردی بطور موضوع

Author(s) Babar Hussain

Abstract Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentional violence for political or religious purposes. It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non- combatants (mostly civilians and neutral military personals). The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the September 11 in New York City and Washington, D.C in 2001. Terrorism is often construed as a well-thought- out, extreme form of violence to perceived injustices. The after effects of terrorism are usually reported without understanding the underlying psychological and social determinants of the terrorist act. Since ‘9/11’ Pakistan has been at the epicentre of both terrorism and the war against it. Pakistan has suffered particularly excessively from the social, economic and human costs due to terrorism. It is portrayed as being on the front line in the international war against terrorism and at the same time has been wrongly labelled as a sponsor of international terrorism. Terrorism in Pakistan is a multidimensional phenomenon and, among many precipitating factors, the psychosocial factors play an important role. Pakistan's social landscape has for the most part been plagued with illiteracy, disease, insecurity and injustice. Since the 9/11 incident, Pakistan has been intricately linked with the many facets of the ‘war on terrorism.’ Some argue that Pakistan is a breeding ground for terrorist outfits, but it is certain that all of this havoc has resulted in the significant loss of innocent lives as well as loss of economic revenue. These fragile conditions provide a fertile ground for terrorism to grow. The unmanned army drone strikes killed and maimed thousands of innocent civilians in poor and difficult to access regions of Pakistan. This infuriated people, viii leading them to take up arms against the perceived aggressors. This triggering of the relatives of the deceased to engage in such activity is the culture of revenge in Pakistan, which unfortunately can last for generations. Self-sacrifice and martyrdom has been explicitly used in almost all religions and is aggressively exploited by terrorist outfits who groom suicide bombers using the ideology of Islamist martyrdom. Such tragic incidents had a profound effect not only on world literature but also on Urdu literature. Urdu fiction writers have made terrorism the subject of their fiction. Many fiction writers created excellent literature, especially on the 9/11 tragedy. This thesis discusses terrorism as a topic in Pakistani fiction.

Type Thesis/Dissertation PhD

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Department Urdu

Language Urdu

Publication Date 2023-06-15

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