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Factors Affecting the Use of Language Learning Strategies of University Students Learning Chinese Language in Pakistan
A comparative study of the position of the object in the sentences of Modern Chinese, Urdu and English languages
Social Realism and Critique: Comparison of short stories by Lu Xun and Ghulam Abbas In recent years, with the increasing influence of China towards the international phenomenon and the gradual advancement in the international constructive strategies under the “Belt and Route” cooperation initiatives in Pakistan, increasing the wish of the masses to understand comparative literary and social realities of both nations. For the present study, the researcher (I) selected short stories of two contemporary writers; Lu Xun and Ghulam Abbas whose eras are same and their literary works almost started at the same time period. Moreover, they both struggled for social betterment and its uprising. As a bilingual learner, the author combines the exploratory experience of comparative literature. Lu Xun is considered as a founder and originator of modern Chinese literature. Through his writings, he strived to change the spiritual dimensions of his nation and enlightened a new innovative hope in the mind of people. At the same time (before partition), Pakistan remained under British colonial power, for which we see its glimpse in the Urdu literature. Many literary movements and writers played their roles for social betterment in different ways. Ghulam Abbas like his counterpart Lu Xun, is not a revolutionary writer. He just addressed the society and man in his short stories. He strives for the social betterment and discusses social issues in his writings smoothly and rhythmically. He made “double standard and hypocrisy of society” topic for his short stories. The selected short stories of both the writers revolve around society and social phenomenon. A specific social phenomenon is focused in each short story of both the writers. Under the prevalent regional bilateral cooperation made it more necessary to promote understanding of mutual comparative literature for further enhancement into the people to people contact of both nations. This dissertation is divided into five chapters. The first chapter includes introduction, background of the research explaining the significance and importance of the research, research objectives, research ideas and the framework of the thesis. The second chapter includes brief introduction of the research work already done on the works of both the writers in descriptive style i.e review of the literature. The third chapter includes brief introduction of both the contemporary writers by giving a thematic connection of their writings, investigation and general literary analysis of selected short stories of the writers under the basic literary elements (setting, characterization, plot and structure, narrative point of view, conflict, climax, theme and the writing style of the authors) on which short stories of two writers are literary analyzed. The fourth chapter carried out thematic comparison in descriptive style under societal perspective that how the writers’ works influenced the society socially，politically, economically and morally. And does the story’s character still exist in this modern society, and, moreover does the society take the same influence from the short stories still or not? The fifth chapter includes summarizing the entire research study, put forward the innovative thoughts in the research and the future prospects for future researcher to research from innovative angles. And in the end references and bibliography is included in the research thesis.
Problems faced by Chinese students in learning Urdu Script; Case study at Urdu department of International Islamic university Islamabad and National University of Modern Languages Recently global diversity of culture is on the peak and cultural emergence between Pakistan and china due to CPEC Road and Belt Initiative also enhance the importance of language learner along with other factors. With the increasing strength of students to learn Urdu and Chinese languages in academia, researchers are trying to find out the basic problems of learning language script faced by the students. The background of this research is that researcher is a Chinese language teacher and she has had day to day interaction with Chinese students who are learning Urdu Language, they often have problems in learning Urdu script. The purpose of this research is to identify the problems faced by Chinese students in Urdu script and how to overcome this problem. Researcher selects five students each from International Islamic and National University of Modern Language as a case study group and also uses Interview & observation methods for data collection. Researcher also conducts a group interview with the Urdu department teachers of both universities for their valuable teaching inputs to overcome this problem of Urdu script. Key words: Chinese students; Case study; Urdu Script; National University of Modern Languages; International Islamic University Islamabad
Re-designing the curriculum and instructional material of Chinese history for Pakistani students NUML
The Investigation and Solution Strategies on Difficulties in Learning Chinese Characters for Pakistani Students at Elementary Level "巴基斯坦初级汉语水平学生汉字学习难点调查及解决策略" This thesis aims to investigate the challenges faced by Pakistani students at the elementary level when learning Chinese characters and propose effective strategies to overcome these difficulties. The study seeks to contribute to the field of language education by identifying specific obstacles that hinder the learning process and providing practical solutions for teachers and students. Through a comprehensive literature review, existing studies and theories related to language learning difficulties, with a focus on Chinese characters, were examined. The research methodology involved surveys and interviews to collect data from Pakistani elementary students learning Chinese characters. The findings of the investigation reveal several key difficulties encountered by Pakistani students when learning Chinese characters, including differences in linguistic structures, unfamiliarity with Chinese cultural contexts, complex stroke order and a lack of appropriate learning materials. Additionally, students struggle with memorizing and retaining a large number of characters due to their unique nature. Based on the research findings a set of solution strategies is proposed. These strategies include the development of tailored instructional materials, the incorporation of mnemonic techniques the implementation of interactive learning methods and the utilization of technology-based resources. Furthermore, cultural immersion and collaboration with native Chinese speakers are emphasized to enhance students' language acquisition and understanding. The outcomes of this research are expected to benefit educators, curriculum developers and policy makers involved in Chinese language education in Pakistan. The proposed strategies aim to facilitate effective teaching and learning of Chinese characters, leading to improved language proficiency and intercultural competence among Pakistani students. This thesis provides an in-depth investigation into the difficulties faced by Pakistani students at the elementary level when learning Chinese characters. It offers valuable insights into the specific challenges and proposes practical solution strategies to enhance the learning process. The research contributes to the advancement of language education and promotes cultural exchange between Pakistan and China.
Analysis and Solutions of Difficulties faced by Pakistani Students in the Reading Part of New HSK-5 ”《巴基斯坦学生在新HSK-5 阅读部分的难点分析及学习策略》 The HSK-5 (Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi Level 5) test is a widely recognized and standardized examination for Chinese language proficiency, and it serves as an important benchmark for non-native speakers aiming to study, work, or live in China. This thesis aims to investigate the specific challenges faced by Pakistani students in the reading section of the HSK-5 test and proposes effective learning strategies and solutions to enhance their performance. The research employs a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative analysis of test scores and qualitative interviews with Pakistani students who have attempted the HSK-5 test. The findings reveal that Pakistani students encounter difficulties in various areas, including vocabulary comprehension, understanding complex sentence structures, and cultural context comprehension. To address these difficulties, this study presents a range of strategies and solutions. These include the development of tailored language materials that cater to the specific needs of Pakistani learners, leveraging technology for interactive learning, promoting intensive reading practice, and incorporating cultural immersion experiences. Additionally, the thesis explores the role of language educators in guiding students effectively and highlights the importance of collaborative learning environments. The results of this research have implications not only for Pakistani students but also for educators, test developers, and policymakers interested in enhancing the effectiveness of Chinese language learning. The thesis contributes to the broader discourse on language acquisition and provides practical recommendations for overcoming challenges faced by Pakistani students in the HSK-5 reading section, ultimately improving their proficiency in the Chinese language and fostering greater cultural exchange and understanding. Keywords: HSK-5, Pakistani students, reading challenges, Learning strategies, Cross-cultural adaptation HSK5（汉语水平考试五级）考试是一个广泛认可和标准化的汉语水平考试，对于希望在中国学习、工作或生活的非母语人士来说，它是一个重要的基准。本论文旨在研究巴基斯坦学生在HSK-5考试阅读部分面临的具体挑战，并提出有效的学习策略和解决方案，以提高他们的表现。 该研究采用了综合方法，结合了对考试成绩的定量分析和对已经尝试过HSK-5考试的巴基斯坦学生的定性访谈。研究结果显示，巴基斯坦学生在各个方面都遇到了困难，包括词汇理解、理解复杂句子结构和文化背景理解。 为了解决这些困难，本研究提出了一系列策略和解决方案。这些包括制定适合巴基斯坦学习者特定需求的定制语言教材，利用技术进行互动式学习，促进密集的阅读练习，融入文化融入体验。此外，本论文探讨了语言教育者在有效指导学生方面的角色，强调了协作学习环境的重要性。 这项研究的结果不仅对巴基斯坦学生有影响，还对有兴趣提高汉语学习效果的教育工作者、考试开发者和政策制定者有影响。本论文为更广泛的语言习得讨论做出了贡献，并提供了克服巴基斯坦学生在HSK-5阅读部分面临的挑战的实际建议，最终提高他们的汉语水平，促进更大的文化交流与理解。 关键词: HSK-5，巴基斯坦学生，阅读挑战，学习策略，跨文化适应
“Pronunciation Challenges for Pakistan Elementary Learners of the Chinese Language: Causes and Mitigations 巴基斯坦初学者学习汉语的发音挑战：原因与缓解” ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the pronunciation mistakes made by Pakistani students learning Elementary Chinese. Learners from Pakistan frequently encounter unique difficulties when attempting to acquire the complex phonetic nuances of Chinese. This study identifies and examines five significant pronunciation problems that are frequently found in this learner group. First off, Pakistani Students usually have trouble understanding Chinese's tonal aspects, specifically how to tell apart the language's four lexical tones. Mispronounced tones can cause misconceptions and obstruct clear communication. Second, certain Chinese consonants that do not have exact parallels in the Urdu or Punjabi languages, like the retroflex "zh," "ch," and "sh" sounds, can be challenging to distinguish and pronounce. Thirdly, it can be difficult to pronounce the vowel sounds in Chinese because Pakistani learners frequently mispronounce the tiny differences between the "i," "e," and "u" vowel sounds in Mandarin. Fourthly, since Urdu and Punjabi do not have this specific phoneme, many Pakistani pupils find it difficult to pronounce the Chinese "r" sound correctly. Last but not least, Pakistani learners have difficulty with suprasegmental elements, such as sentence-level intonation patterns and word stress, because they are very different from their native languages and demand a lot of adaptation. This study carefully examines these pronunciation problems and their underlying causes using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches, such as pronunciation tests, audio recordings, surveys, interviews, and classroom observations. The results indicate focused ways for correcting these typical pronunciation issues and boosting the overall learning experience for Pakistani students of Elementary Chinese, offering insightful information for language educators and curriculum designers. Understanding and correcting these pronunciation flaws will improve language learning and cross-cultural communication. Keywords: Pronunciation, Challenges, Pakistani, Elementary learners, Chinese language 摘要 本论文调查了巴基斯坦学生在学习初级汉语时所犯的发音错误。来自巴基斯坦的学习者在尝试掌握汉语复杂的语音细微差异时经常遇到独特的困难。本研究识别并分析了在这一学习群体中经常出现的五个重要发音问题。 首先，巴基斯坦学生通常难以理解汉语的声调特点，特别是如何区分该语言的四个词汇声调。错误的声调发音可能导致误解并妨碍清晰的交流。 其次，汉语中的某些辅音在乌尔都语或旁遮普语中没有确切的对应物，例如卷舌辅音“zh”，“ch”和“sh”音，可能难以区分和发音。 第三，由于巴基斯坦学生经常错误发音，因此发音汉语的元音音位可能会很困难，无法准确区分普通话中“i”，“e”和“u”元音音位之间的微小差异。 第四，由于乌尔都语和旁遮普语中没有这个特定的音素，因此许多巴基斯坦学生难以正确发音汉语的“r”音。 最后，巴基斯坦学习者在超分段元素方面也存在困难，如句子级语调模式和词语重音，因为它们与他们的母语非常不同，需要大量的适应。 本研究运用发音测试、音频录音、调查、面试和课堂观察等定量和定性方法，仔细研究了这些发音问题及其根本原因。研究结果为纠正这些典型的发音问题提供了有针对性的方法，提升了巴基斯坦学生学习初级汉语的整体体验，并为语言教育者和课程设计者提供了深刻的信息。了解并纠正这些发音问题将改善语言学习和跨文化交流。 关键词：发音，挑战，巴基斯坦，初级学习者，汉语
“Pronunciation Challenges for Pakistan Elementary Learners of the Chinese Language: Causes and Mitigations 巴基斯坦初学者学习汉语的发音挑战：原因与缓解” ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the pronunciation mistakes made by Pakistani students learning Elementary Chinese. Learners from Pakistan frequently encounter unique difficulties when attempting to acquire the complex phonetic nuances of Chinese. This study identifies and examines five significant pronunciation problems that are frequently found in this learner group. First off, Pakistani Students usually have trouble understanding Chinese's tonal aspects, specifically how to tell apart the language's four lexical tones. Mispronounced tones can cause misconceptions and obstruct clear communication. Second, certain Chinese consonants that do not have exact parallels in the Urdu or Punjabi languages, like the retroflex "zh," "ch," and "sh" sounds, can be challenging to distinguish and pronounce. Thirdly, it can be difficult to pronounce the vowel sounds in Chinese because Pakistani learners frequently mispronounce the tiny differences between the "i," "e," and "u" vowel sounds in Mandarin. Fourthly, since Urdu and Punjabi do not have this specific phoneme, many Pakistani pupils find it difficult to pronounce the Chinese "r" sound correctly. Last but not least, Pakistani learners have difficulty with suprasegmental elements, such as sentence-level intonation patterns and word stress, because they are very different from their native languages and demand a lot of adaptation. This study carefully examines these pronunciation problems and their underlying causes using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches, such as pronunciation tests, audio recordings, surveys, interviews, and classroom observations. The results indicate focused ways for correcting these typical pronunciation issues and boosting the overall learning experience for Pakistani students of Elementary Chinese, offering insightful information for language educators and curriculum designers. Understanding and correcting these pronunciation flaws will improve language learning and cross-cultural communication. Keywords: Pronunciation, Challenges, Pakistani, Elementary learners, Chinese language 摘要 本论文调查了巴基斯坦学生在学习初级汉语时所犯的发音错误。来自巴基斯坦的学习者在尝试掌握汉语复杂的语音细微差异时经常遇到独特的困难。本研究识别并分析了在这一学习群体中经常出现的五个重要发音问题。 首先，巴基斯坦学生通常难以理解汉语的声调特点，特别是如何区分该语言的四个词汇声调。错误的声调发音可能导致误解并妨碍清晰的交流。 其次，汉语中的某些辅音在乌尔都语或旁遮普语中没有确切的对应物，例如卷舌辅音“zh”，“ch”和“sh”音，可能难以区分和发音。 第三，由于巴基斯坦学生经常错误发音，因此发音汉语的元音音位可能会很困难，无法准确区分普通话中“i”，“e”和“u”元音音位之间的微小差异。 第四，由于乌尔都语和旁遮普语中没有这个特定的音素，因此许多巴基斯坦学生难以正确发音汉语的“r”音。 最后，巴基斯坦学习者在超分段元素方面也存在困难，如句子级语调模式和词语重音，因为它们与他们的母语非常不同，需要大量的适应。 本研究运用发音测试、音频录音、调查、面试和课堂观察等定量和定性方法，仔细研究了这些发音问题及其根本原因。研究结果为纠正这些典型的发音问题提供了有针对性的方法，提升了巴基斯坦学生学习初级汉语的整体体验，并为语言教育者和课程设计者提供了深刻的信息。了解并纠正这些发音问题将改善语言学习和跨文化交流。 关键词：发音，挑战，巴基斯坦，初级学习者，汉语
VERSE AND VISION ACROSS CONTINENTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IQBAL AND LUXUN’S POLITICO-LITERARY THOUGHTS 跨越大陆的诗歌与远景：伊克巴尔与鲁迅政治文学思想 比较研究 Abstract This thesis will present a comprehensive comparative study of the politico-literary thoughts of Allama Iqbal and Lu Xun, two influential figures who have left lasting impacts on the realms of literature and politics in their respective regions. By examining the ideologies, literary works, and societal impacts of Iqbal and Lu Xun, this study will aim to shed light on the complex interplay between politics and literature and explore the ways in which their thoughts have shaped the societies and contexts in which they lived. Chapter 1 introduces the background and historical contexts in which both writers emerged. Through a close examination of themes, motifs, and narrative techniques employed by both writers, the study will uncover the ways in which their politico-literary thoughts were articulated and the impact of their works on the wider literary and political landscapes. Chapter 2 introduces the concept of politico-literary thought, analyzing the key works of Lu Xun and Iqbal to understand how both writers infused their literature with political ideology. While Lu Xun’s works reflect his critique of traditional Chinese society and his vision of reform, Iqbal’s writings emphasize the spiritual awakening and political mobilization of Muslims. This chapter highlights both the similarities and differences in their approaches to literature as a tool for political thought. Chapter 3 delves into the origins of Lu Xun’s basic concept of "establishing the people" and Iqbal’s idea of "Khudi" (selfhood). Both concepts are revolutionary in nature but differ in their emphasis: Lu Xun’s focus on societal renewal contrasts with Iqbal’s emphasis on individual empowerment and spiritual awakening. The chapter further explores how their revolutionary thoughts contributed to shaping the collective consciousness of their respective nations. Chapter 4 examines the broader socio-political philosophies of Iqbal and Lu Xun, with particular focus on their views regarding nationalism, democracy, socialism, and imperialism. Iqbal’s evolving ideas on nationalism and his stance against imperialism are compared with Lu Xun’s critique of Chinese nationalism and his vision for a reformed society. This chapter concludes with a comparison of the underlying reasons for both the similarities and differences in their politico-literary ideologies, providing deeper insight into the intersection of literature and political activism in their works. Through its comprehensive comparative analysis, this study will contribute to a deeper understanding of the politico-literary thoughts of Iqbal and Lu Xun and their significance in the realms of literature and politics. The findings will offer insights into the interplay between politics and literature, the diverse cultural contexts in which these thinkers operated, and the enduring impact of their ideas. The study will also identify areas for further research and highlights the importance of preserving and appreciating their intellectual heritage. Keywords: Allama Iqbal, Lu Xun, politico-literary thought, nationalism, khudi, establishing the people, revolution. 摘 要 本论文将对阿拉玛•伊克巴尔（Allama Iqbal）和鲁迅（Lu Xun）的政治文学思想进行全面的比较研究。这两位影响深远的人物在各自的地区对文学和政治领域产生了持久的影响。通过研究伊克巴尔 (Iqbal) 和鲁迅 (LuXun) 的思想、文学作品及其对社会的影响，本研究旨在揭示政治与文学之间复杂的互动，并探讨他们的思想如何塑造了他们所处的社会与时代背景。 第一章介绍了两位作家的背景及其所处的历史环境。通过对两位作家所运用的主题、母题和叙事技巧的深入分析，本研究将揭示他们如何表达政治文学思想，以及他们的作品对更广泛的文学与政治领域的影响。 第二章引入了政治文学思想的概念，分析鲁迅和伊克巴尔的代表作，以理解他们如何将政治意识形态融入文学创作中。鲁迅的作品反映了他对中国传统社会的批判以及他的改革愿景，而伊克巴尔的写作则强调穆斯林的精神觉醒与政治动员。该章将重点探讨他们如何将文学作为政治思想工具的相似性和差异。 第三章探讨了鲁迅“立人”思想与伊克巴尔“自我”（Khudi）观念的起源。这两个概念都具有革命性，但侧重点不同：鲁迅专注于社会的更新，而伊克巴尔则强调个人的自我赋权与精神觉醒。该章进一步探讨了他们的革命思想如何影响了各自国家的集体意识形态的形成。 第四章考察了伊克巴尔和鲁迅的更广泛的社会政治哲学，特别关注他们在民族主义、民主、社会主义和帝国主义问题上的观点。伊克巴尔对民族主义的思想演变及其反帝立场与鲁迅对中国民族主义的批判以及他对社会改革的愿景进行了比较。本章通过对他们政治文学思想中相似性与差异性的根本原因进行对比，提供了更深入的洞见，揭示了他们作品中文学与政治行动主义的交汇点。 通过全面的比较分析，本研究将深化对伊克巴尔和鲁迅政治文学思想的理解，并揭示其在文学和政治领域的重要性。研究成果将为政治与文学的相互作用、两位思想家所处的不同文化背景以及他们思想的持久影响提供见解。本研究还将指出未来研究的方向，并强调保护和珍视他们知识遗产的重要性。 关键词：阿拉玛•伊克巴尔，鲁迅，政治文学思想，民族主义，自我（Khudi），立人，革命。
VERSE AND VISION ACROSS CONTINENTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IQBAL AND LUXUN’S POLITICO-LITERARY THOUGHTS 跨越大陆的诗歌与远景：伊克巴尔与鲁迅政治文学思想 比较研究 Abstract This thesis will present a comprehensive comparative study of the politico-literary thoughts of Allama Iqbal and Lu Xun, two influential figures who have left lasting impacts on the realms of literature and politics in their respective regions. By examining the ideologies, literary works, and societal impacts of Iqbal and Lu Xun, this study will aim to shed light on the complex interplay between politics and literature and explore the ways in which their thoughts have shaped the societies and contexts in which they lived. Chapter 1 introduces the background and historical contexts in which both writers emerged. Through a close examination of themes, motifs, and narrative techniques employed by both writers, the study will uncover the ways in which their politico-literary thoughts were articulated and the impact of their works on the wider literary and political landscapes. Chapter 2 introduces the concept of politico-literary thought, analyzing the key works of Lu Xun and Iqbal to understand how both writers infused their literature with political ideology. While Lu Xun’s works reflect his critique of traditional Chinese society and his vision of reform, Iqbal’s writings emphasize the spiritual awakening and political mobilization of Muslims. This chapter highlights both the similarities and differences in their approaches to literature as a tool for political thought. Chapter 3 delves into the origins of Lu Xun’s basic concept of "establishing the people" and Iqbal’s idea of "Khudi" (selfhood). Both concepts are revolutionary in nature but differ in their emphasis: Lu Xun’s focus on societal renewal contrasts with Iqbal’s emphasis on individual empowerment and spiritual awakening. The chapter further explores how their revolutionary thoughts contributed to shaping the collective consciousness of their respective nations. Chapter 4 examines the broader socio-political philosophies of Iqbal and Lu Xun, with particular focus on their views regarding nationalism, democracy, socialism, and imperialism. Iqbal’s evolving ideas on nationalism and his stance against imperialism are compared with Lu Xun’s critique of Chinese nationalism and his vision for a reformed society. This chapter concludes with a comparison of the underlying reasons for both the similarities and differences in their politico-literary ideologies, providing deeper insight into the intersection of literature and political activism in their works. Through its comprehensive comparative analysis, this study will contribute to a deeper understanding of the politico-literary thoughts of Iqbal and Lu Xun and their significance in the realms of literature and politics. The findings will offer insights into the interplay between politics and literature, the diverse cultural contexts in which these thinkers operated, and the enduring impact of their ideas. The study will also identify areas for further research and highlights the importance of preserving and appreciating their intellectual heritage. Keywords: Allama Iqbal, Lu Xun, politico-literary thought, nationalism, khudi, establishing the people, revolution. 摘 要 本论文将对阿拉玛•伊克巴尔（Allama Iqbal）和鲁迅（Lu Xun）的政治文学思想进行全面的比较研究。这两位影响深远的人物在各自的地区对文学和政治领域产生了持久的影响。通过研究伊克巴尔 (Iqbal) 和鲁迅 (LuXun) 的思想、文学作品及其对社会的影响，本研究旨在揭示政治与文学之间复杂的互动，并探讨他们的思想如何塑造了他们所处的社会与时代背景。 第一章介绍了两位作家的背景及其所处的历史环境。通过对两位作家所运用的主题、母题和叙事技巧的深入分析，本研究将揭示他们如何表达政治文学思想，以及他们的作品对更广泛的文学与政治领域的影响。 第二章引入了政治文学思想的概念，分析鲁迅和伊克巴尔的代表作，以理解他们如何将政治意识形态融入文学创作中。鲁迅的作品反映了他对中国传统社会的批判以及他的改革愿景，而伊克巴尔的写作则强调穆斯林的精神觉醒与政治动员。该章将重点探讨他们如何将文学作为政治思想工具的相似性和差异。 第三章探讨了鲁迅“立人”思想与伊克巴尔“自我”（Khudi）观念的起源。这两个概念都具有革命性，但侧重点不同：鲁迅专注于社会的更新，而伊克巴尔则强调个人的自我赋权与精神觉醒。该章进一步探讨了他们的革命思想如何影响了各自国家的集体意识形态的形成。 第四章考察了伊克巴尔和鲁迅的更广泛的社会政治哲学，特别关注他们在民族主义、民主、社会主义和帝国主义问题上的观点。伊克巴尔对民族主义的思想演变及其反帝立场与鲁迅对中国民族主义的批判以及他对社会改革的愿景进行了比较。本章通过对他们政治文学思想中相似性与差异性的根本原因进行对比，提供了更深入的洞见，揭示了他们作品中文学与政治行动主义的交汇点。 通过全面的比较分析，本研究将深化对伊克巴尔和鲁迅政治文学思想的理解，并揭示其在文学和政治领域的重要性。研究成果将为政治与文学的相互作用、两位思想家所处的不同文化背景以及他们思想的持久影响提供见解。本研究还将指出未来研究的方向，并强调保护和珍视他们知识遗产的重要性。 关键词：阿拉玛•伊克巴尔，鲁迅，政治文学思想，民族主义，自我（Khudi），立人，革命。