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خاکہ نگاری کے عناصر:"جہان دگر"از احسان دانش کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ The research under discussion is based on an analytical study of "Elements of Sketching: "Jahan-e-Digar" by Ehsan Danish. “Jahan-e-Digar” is a book of memoirs by Ehsan Danish. It was published by Khazeena Ilam o Adab from Lahore in 2001. He has sketched various personalities by establishing different titles. Among the titles established by Ehsan Danish are Chandni Ke Sai, Police, funkaar, Usataza Punjab University aor Deegar Mu'alameen, and Sahafat par Lamah-e-Fikar are included. Ehsan uses brief encounters with individuals as the foundation to express opinions on aspects of their personalities in a way that is often gone unnoticed by common people. The biographical sketches presented by Ehsan in these brief accounts include elements of personal habits, posture, traits circumstances and influences. The proposed research will provide analytical insights of these elements. Through this, valuable information can be provided about the representative people of that time. By applying these elements to the reader, the inner traits of the personality, their attire, mannerisms, routines and preferences, meeting and dismissal, habits and behavior, balanced reflection of personality, presentation of cultural facts, and the personal impression they left behind can provide abundant valuable knowledge about them. From which the reader will be able to gain awareness of Ehsan's time and Ehsan's own situations and personal experiences.
اردو املااور تلفظ کے مباحث: لسانی محققین کی آراء کا تنقیدی و تقابلی مطالعہ The issue of spelling and pronunciation has been a topic of discussion in Urdu language and literature from the beginning. In this regard, many researchers, critics, writers, poets, and language reformers have presented their suggestions and made efforts toward language reform. The first phase of language reform in Urdu began with Arzu and Hatim. However, by this time, the Urdu language had already gone through several stages of evolution. Urdu is considered a mixed language because it has been influenced by various languages and trends at different times. These influences have directly shaped the language. Among the languages that have deeply impacted Urdu, Persian holds a key position. Many researchers have highlighted the merits of Persian's influence on Urdu language and literature. Persian has influenced Urdu at various levels, and the same is true for Arabic. Arabic also has a direct impact on Urdu. Due to the influence of these languages, changes occurred in the structure of Urdu, and in some cases, certain distortions emerged. To correct these changes and misunderstandings, many language reformers offered their services and worked at various levels to improve the language. As a result, changes were made to the pronunciation and spelling of Urdu. The reformers especially highlighted issues related to pronunciation.
اردو آپ بیتیاں اور یاداشتیں: لاہور کی ادبی، ثقافتی، سیاسی و سماجی صورتحال کی عہد بہ عہد عکاسی The present research explores the socio-political, cultural, and literary landscape of Lahore as depicted in Urdu autobiographies and memoirs. Throughout history, Lahore has been recognized as an ancient hub of politics, society, and literature, continuously expanding its grandeur with the passage of time. Historical records spanning thousands of years suggest that Lahore’s political, social, and cultural prominence can be traced back to the Ghaznavid era. The Ghaznavid rule profoundly influenced Lahore in multiple aspects, including its linguistic landscape, leading to the widespread adoption of Persian. The fusion of Hindu and Muslim cultures during this period endowed Lahore with a distinct cultural identity. Lahore continued its political and cultural growth under the Ghurid dynasty and the Delhi Sultanate. The reigns of Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb are considered the golden periods of Lahore’s history. However, the Sikh rule marked a phase of intellectual, literary, and cultural decline. With the advent of the British, Lahore witnessed not only political transformations but also significant changes in its literary and intellectual atmosphere. The introduction of a new language further reshaped the city’s cultural fabric. Urdu autobiographies and memoirs provide more than just personal experiences of their authors; they offer deep insights into the socio-political and cultural conditions of their respective eras, thereby helping us understand Lahore’s evolving cultural identity. This study examines how Urdu autobiographies and memoirs portray Lahore’s cultural evolution and its role as a cultural epicenter. It also investigates how these texts, independent of conventional historical narratives, document Lahore’s socio-political dynamics. Moreover, the research explores how Lahore’s viii changing literary landscape has been represented in these accounts, separate from conventional literary histories. This study employs documentary, historical, and thematic research methods. To understand Lahore’s transformation through Urdu autobiographies and memoirs, texts that specifically highlight Lahore’s image have been analyzed. These autobiographies, written by notable literary, political, and social figures of the 20th and 21st centuries, serve as primary sources. The events, impressions, and observations documented in these writings have been critically examined to uncover Lahore’s socio-political, cultural, and literary elements. Given the nature of this research, it was imperative to explore Lahore’s cultural heritage, political fluctuations, and literary developments through Urdu autobiographies rather than conventional historical texts. The study’s significance lies in its structure: the first chapter provides a historical analysis of Lahore’s political, social, and literary transformations from the Ghaznavid era to post-independence, using traditional historical sources. The subsequent chapters examine Lahore’s socio-political and literary landscape before and after the partition, as portrayed in Urdu autobiographies and memoirs. The research concludes that autobiographies are not merely personal narratives; rather, they transcend individual experiences to illuminate broader historical identities and societal transformations. Through these autobiographies, this study sheds light on Lahore’s cultural evolution, socio-political shifts, and literary development across different eras. Before the Partition, Lahore stood as a vibrant intellectual, literary, cultural, and political hub, where literary gatherings flourished, and the city remained a focal point for political activities. However, after the creation of Pakistan, Lahore embarked on a new cultural journey, experiencing shifts in its political and literary dimensions. The narratives recorded in Urdu autobiographies and memoirs document this political ix transition, revealing the multifaceted nature of Lahore’s politics, society, and literary traditions over time.
جدید اردو افسانے میں خواب بہ طور تکنیک: جدید اردوافسانے کی تفہیم و تجزیاتی مطالعہ This research investigates the use of dream theory as a literary technique in modern Urdu fiction, offering a detailed analytical exploration of its role in shaping narrative structures and themes. The study emphasizes the technical aspects of modern Urdu short stories, particularly those that incorporate dream-based narratives, highlighting the relevance of dreams as a significant topic in modern psychology. The research is structured into four chapters and employs a historical and documentary methodology to provide a comprehensive framework for analysis. It begins by examining contributions from Islamic perspectives and evaluating the psychological implications of dreams on human behavior. The philosophical insights of prominent thinkers such as Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Antti Revonsuo are critically explored, with particular attention to Freud’s and Jung’s dream theories and their adoption by contemporary Urdu writers, including Nair Masood, Rasheed Amjad, Mansha Yad, Asad Muhammad Khan, Ahmad Dawood, and Surendra Prakash. Revonsuo’s threat simulation theory is also analyzed, shedding light on its integration into the narrative structures of modern Urdu fiction. This analysis highlights how these theories have influenced thematic elements and storytelling techniques within the genre. However, the study also observes that not all dream representations in modern Urdu fiction are explicitly employed as narrative techniques.
اردو ادب اور وجودیت : اکیسویں صدی کے منتخب اردو ناولوں کی وجودی فکر کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ Existentialism is a Philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. Major themes of this philosophy are Existence precedes essence, Absurdity Nihilism, condemned to be free, lack of meaning in life, Absence of the hand of the power who create this world. Many writers in 21st century utilized existentialist streaks in their writings to depict the poor plight and helplessness of individuals in the society, among those Khalid Javed Mout Ki Kitab Khalida Hussain Kagzi Ghat and Musharaf Alam Zouqi Lay sans Bi Aahista and Murda Khana main Aurat are notable. Existentialist which are present in Dr. Arifa Shahzad’s Novel are discussed in this Article. Dr. Arifa Shahzad is one of the famous writers in the 21st Century. “Main Timsal Hoon” is the first Novel of Arifa Shahzad which is an Existential Novel.
عصری تنقیدی رجحانات : اردو میں مابعد جدید تھیوری کی معنیاتی تعبیرات کا مطالعہ Contemporary linguistic and critical trends have significantly transformed the nature and essence of language and literature, leading to a shift in critical insights as well. Postmodern critical theory explores the semantic linkages in literary texts that were previously unexplored. The approach of this theory toward the discovery of these semantic linkages is based on methods and strategies of text comprehension, analysis, and interpretation, which form the core issue of this research topic. Postmodern theory consists of three primary discussions: one theoretical, focused on the creative process; another practical, dealing with the forms of reading and interpretation; and a third, applied, which relates to the performance of these practical forms. However, more focus has been placed on applied studies than on the practical forms of postmodern theory. This research focuses on the second part, investigating the practical forms of postmodern theory alongside its semantic interpretations, scope, and methodology. These critical discussions introduce a method for interpreting and analyzing texts. Postmodern critical theory is multifaceted and interdisciplinary, leading to a multi-dimensional quality in text interpretation and understanding. This research work, in the light of Western postmodern theories, particularly those of Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Julia Kristeva, investigates the semantic interpretations of postmodern theory. In this context, the study of semantic interpretations of postmodern theory in Urdu literature has been examined from its linguistic, textual, and social dimensions. The tools of postmodern theory offer new standards for criticism, providing insights into semantic depth. Concepts such as deferred meaning, the situational context of meaning in the text, the uncertainty of meaning, indeterminacy, the multiplicity and supplementarity of meaning, and the locality of meaning are central to postmodern critical theory. This research analyzes the linguistic, textual, and social constructs within the framework of postmodern theory to uncover the linguistic, social, cultural, political, and ideological aspects of meaning. Finally, a scope and methodology for the semantic interpretations of postmodern theory in Urdu literature are also proposed.
عصری تنقیدی رجحانات : اردو میں مابعد جدید تھیوری کی معنیاتی تعبیرات کا مطالعہ Contemporary linguistic and critical trends have significantly transformed the nature and essence of language and literature, leading to a shift in critical insights as well. Postmodern critical theory explores the semantic linkages in literary texts that were previously unexplored. The approach of this theory toward the discovery of these semantic linkages is based on methods and strategies of text comprehension, analysis, and interpretation, which form the core issue of this research topic. Postmodern theory consists of three primary discussions: one theoretical, focused on the creative process; another practical, dealing with the forms of reading and interpretation; and a third, applied, which relates to the performance of these practical forms. However, more focus has been placed on applied studies than on the practical forms of postmodern theory. This research focuses on the second part, investigating the practical forms of postmodern theory alongside its semantic interpretations, scope, and methodology. These critical discussions introduce a method for interpreting and analyzing texts. Postmodern critical theory is multifaceted and interdisciplinary, leading to a multi-dimensional quality in text interpretation and understanding. This research work, in the light of Western postmodern theories, particularly those of Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Julia Kristeva, investigates the semantic interpretations of postmodern theory. In this context, the study of semantic interpretations of postmodern theory in Urdu literature has been examined from its linguistic, textual, and social dimensions. The tools of postmodern theory offer new standards for criticism, providing insights into semantic depth. Concepts such as deferred meaning, the situational context of meaning in the text, the uncertainty of meaning, indeterminacy, the multiplicity and supplementarity of meaning, and the locality of meaning are central to postmodern critical theory. This research analyzes the linguistic, textual, and social constructs within the framework of postmodern theory to uncover the linguistic, social, cultural, political, and ideological aspects of meaning. Finally, a scope and methodology for the semantic interpretations of postmodern theory in Urdu literature are also proposed.
زبان کا ارتقا: پاکستانی اردومیں تاثراتی اظہاریوں کا ارتقائی مطالعہ This research mainly focuses on evolution of emotive expressions in Pakistani Urdu with the passage of time and how this change in emotive expressions reflect the social and cultural changes of our society. As emotive expressions are those words which highlight immediate responses of humans as per their feelings and emotional states. These expressions also assist us to analyse the close relationship between language, society, and human beings. This paper has analysed the progress of emotive expressions in two eras i.e. the pre-social media period (1980–2006) and the post-social media period (2006 onwards). Commonly used emotive expressions in the first era are mostly found in literature, newspapers, dramas, and everyday speech. They used a formal style shaped by cultural traditions, religious practices, and local languages. However, As the evolution of social media has affected all aspects of society; it has also brought a rapid change in emotive expressions as well. Emotive expressions have become more concise, faster, and frequently visual, utilizing emojis, memes, internet slang, and a combination of Urdu and English. This changes though made expressions more accessible and global, but at the same time, less formal and shallow. As for as theoretical framework is concerned different theories have been applied, it includes the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotions, which elucidates the psychological connection between emotions and their expression; the Substratum Theory, which examines the impact of regional and contact languages on the development of Urdu; and Jean Aitchison’s analysis of language change, offering insight into the mechanisms through which new linguistic forms disseminate and enter common usage. The findings of the study highlights that changes in emotive expressions are driven by modernity, globalization, digital technology, and shifting social behaviour. On the positive side, they have given rise to creativity, diversity, and speed in communication. On the negative side, they have also led to a certain loss of cultural subtlety, linguistic depth, and seriousness. In conclusion, the study shows that emotive expressions in Pakistani Urdu are living, changing forms of language. They carry within them the tension between tradition and modernity, depth and brevity, and local identity and global trends. In this way, they not only mirror our emotions but also reflect the broader story of society and its transformation.
تربیتِ اطفال اور ادب: بچوں کےمنتخب رسائل کا موضوعاتی مطالعہ This doctoral research delves into the significant role that Urdu children’s literary magazines have played in shaping the moral, intellectual, social, and educational development of young readers in Pakistan during the first two decades of the 21st century (2001–2020). The study provides a thematic, critical, and comparative analysis of three leading periodicals: 1. Hamdard Naunehal(Karachi) 2. Sathi(Karachi) 3. Adabiat-e-Atfal (Islamabad). These magazines have been selected for their continuity, popularity, and thematic diversity. The primary objective is to examine how these journals have contributed to the holistic development of children through literary content, such as moral stories, poems, educational narratives, informative articles, Islamic teachings, and visually engaging illustrations. Moreover, the research highlights how these magazines have responded to the evolving needs of the 21st-century child by incorporating themes of global citizenship, digital literacy, creativity and critical thinking. Editorial vision and strategic content planning by each magazine are evaluated to demonstrate their unique contribution to children’s literature in Pakistan. The study ultimately reveals both the strengths and limitations of Urdu children’s magazines and offers suggestions for enhancing their effectiveness and relevance in a rapidly transforming educational and cultural landscape. This research contributes to the growing body of scholarship on Urdu children's literature and highlights the importance of literature as a tool for child development, value formation, and nation-building.
بدلتی سماجی صورت حال اور اردو ادب :اکیسویں صدی کے اردوافسانے میں عائلی زندگی کے مسائل و تغیرات کی عکاسی This research thesis is titled Metamorphosing social condiyions and Urdu literature: A portrayal of family life issues and changes in theis 21st century short story writer. Family life form the foudational unit of human society and profoundly influences an individual personality behaviour and development. however in the modern area family life faces numerous challenges including economic , financial , stress , unemployment inflation , societal ( decline in traditional values class disparity). Psychological (mental stress , depersion , anxiety) and social (isolation , increasing divorce rates , introlerance) issue. This abstract is particulary use ful for reserch, psychologist’s social worker and policymakers seeking to strengthen the family system and promote social harmony. The first chapter outline the back ground and objectives of the study, the second chapter focuses highlighting the living conditions and societal interactions of the disolaced individuals , the third cgapter explores of displacement along with its influence on social inclu ding policy frame work and institional responses. The fifth and final chapter offers a robust evaluation of the reserch findings concluding with key insight and actionable recommendations. The reserch underscores that effective policies, institutional engagement and increased social awereness can significantly improve the quality of life for the idps in aili banki Married life is not limited to just the relationship between husband and wife, it also involves the influence and involvement of extended societies external pressures and unfavorable conditio can create tension resentment even hatred between spouses. One signification issue is infertility, which is often unjustly blamed solely on the women despite medical evidence that infertility can also be due to male factores however many cummunities are unwilling to accept this reality. additionally, when a women enters her husband home , she is expacted to endure all circumstances and adjust to every situation , regardless of the challenges she may face. this reflects a deep rooted societal mindset where women are held to rigid expectations, often at the cost of their well being and personal freedom.
ادب اور ٹراما: اردو سفر نامے کے تناظر میں افرادپرجنگوں کے اثرات کا مطالعہ This research, titled ‘‘Literature and Trauma: Impact of wars inthelight of Urdu Travelogues’’ examines the impact of War trauma onindividuals and society as well. This study explores the traumaticsuffering of people during war that leads not only to massive loss of human beings but also widespread migrations, displacement. It alsodepicts the widespread destruction of homes cities and infrastructure, as it is a universal truth that war destroys not only lives but alsoentire civilizations, economies and social fabrics. Wars maybefought for territory, power, ideology or survival but the hostilityalways leads to widespread suffering. This study is an attempt to analyse the impact of war in the light of Urdu travelogue. The Urdu travelogue is traditionally rootedinobservation, culture reflection and personal experience. undergoes asignificant transformation when set against the backdrop of war. This research work explores the representation of war trauma inselected Urdu travelogues, focusing on how conflict, destructionandhuman suffering are captured through the personal lens of travel writers. Thesis consists of five chapters, the first chapter is about thedefinition, causes and types of trauma and an overviewof travelogue. The second chapter presents war trauma theory, its origin and impact of war trauma on International Literature. The third chapter discusses themes of civil war, terrorism and cultural conflict inselected Urdu travelogues. Chapter four presents a detail andanalysis of selected Urdu travelogues in the light of war trauma. It examines how the narratives reflect psychological wounds , displacement, loss and the emotional aftermath of conflict, offeringinsight into the individual and collective impact of war. Chapter fiveconsists of conclusion, results and Recommendation.
ادب اور خردہ گیری: اردو تحقیق و تنقیدمیں منتخب محققین کی خدمات The present doctoral research entitled “Literature and Animadversion: Services of Selected Researchers in Urdu Research & Criticism” undertakes a comprehensive examination of the scholarly contributions and critical services of three distinguished figures in the field of Urdu studies, namely Hafiz Mehmood Shirani, Qazi Abdul Wadood, and Rasheed Hassan Khan. The study is premised on the recognition that the evolution of Urdu research and criticism has been profoundly influenced by individuals who combined intellectual integrity with methodological innovation, and whose works have provided enduring models for subsequent generations of critics and researchers. Hafiz Mehmood Shirani is studied as a pioneer of historical and philological criticism in Urdu, whose rigorous investigations into the origins of Urdu language and literature opened new horizons for objective and evidence-based research. His critical approach, marked by painstaking verification of sources and historical contextualization, represents one of the earliest systematic attempts to move beyond impressionistic criticism. In contrast yet complementary to this, Qazi Abdul Wadood’s critical services are examined in light of his rational, analytical, and reformative tendencies. His insistence on textual authenticity, logical precision, and intellectual honesty marked a decisive turn in modern Urdu criticism, steering it away from rhetorical excess and towards disciplined scholarly inquiry. The research also devotes significant attention to Rasheed Hassan Khan, whose multifaceted contributions to lexicography, textual editing, and literary criticism occupy a unique place in Urdu scholarship. His work in editing classical texts, compiling dictionaries, and standardizing orthographic practices not only enriched the critical tools available to researchers but also ensured the preservation and accessibility of Urdu’s vast literary heritage. His criticism is noted for its linguistic accuracy, textual reliability, and balanced judgment, making him a bridge between traditional scholarship and contemporary academic standards. By undertaking a comparative study of these three eminent critics, the thesis highlights the diversity of their approaches while situating them within the larger trajectory of Urdu literary criticism. It argues that while Shirani represents the historical-philological tradition, Wadood embodies rational and reformative criticism, and Khan epitomizes textual and lexicographic precision, all three converge in their commitment to elevating Urdu research from subjective interpretation to objective scholarship. The study concludes that their collective contributions not only established enduring critical norms but also provided a methodological framework that continues to shape Urdu research and criticism in the present era.
دبستان سرگودھااور دبستان لاہور کاانشائیہ:فکری ،اسلوبیاتی اورتکنیکی تقابل (منتخب انشائیہ نگاروں کے حوالے سے)
معاصر اردو افسانے میں استحصال ِحقوقِ اطفال کی پیش کش کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ This study is about how contemporary Urdu short stories highlight the fact about exploitation of children's rights. Through literature’s analysis, the research targets to highlight the social, emotional, and psychological impact of such violations and victimizations as described in fiction. Exploitation’s theme frequently comes in Urdu literature and is evident in the writings of various authors. It has been described in every era through different literary styles. Sadly, the fact and reality remains that in all over the history, the vulnerable have often been mistreated by the powerful across the world. By keeping in mind that perspective, the topic of discussion would be related to child exploitation and rights of children in the selected Urdu Short Stories. We can found various topics in Urdu Literature related to child victimization. This study will emphasize children's rights as enumerated in the United Nations Charter of Human Rights and their reflection in Pakistani law. Through Urdu Literature I will specify that how selected writers presented this oppression in their short stories. As according to new and modern era, the causes and forms of exploitation has also changed. In these selected short stories, writers have illustrated the latest conditions and elements of child abuse. Following four key factors are primarily emphasized; Introduction of research and basic elements Depiction of Children's Mental and Physical Abuse in the Contemporary Era Educational Deprivation and Financial Exploitation through Child Labor Representation of Physical Violence against Children. This study analytically studies the representation of children's rights violations such as abuse, exploitation, and child labor in contemporary Urdu short stories.