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خاکہ نگاری کے عناصر:"جہان دگر"از احسان دانش کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ The research under discussion is based on an analytical study of "Elements of Sketching: "Jahan-e-Digar" by Ehsan Danish. “Jahan-e-Digar” is a book of memoirs by Ehsan Danish. It was published by Khazeena Ilam o Adab from Lahore in 2001. He has sketched various personalities by establishing different titles. Among the titles established by Ehsan Danish are Chandni Ke Sai, Police, funkaar, Usataza Punjab University aor Deegar Mu'alameen, and Sahafat par Lamah-e-Fikar are included. Ehsan uses brief encounters with individuals as the foundation to express opinions on aspects of their personalities in a way that is often gone unnoticed by common people. The biographical sketches presented by Ehsan in these brief accounts include elements of personal habits, posture, traits circumstances and influences. The proposed research will provide analytical insights of these elements. Through this, valuable information can be provided about the representative people of that time. By applying these elements to the reader, the inner traits of the personality, their attire, mannerisms, routines and preferences, meeting and dismissal, habits and behavior, balanced reflection of personality, presentation of cultural facts, and the personal impression they left behind can provide abundant valuable knowledge about them. From which the reader will be able to gain awareness of Ehsan's time and Ehsan's own situations and personal experiences.
اردو املااور تلفظ کے مباحث: لسانی محققین کی آراء کا تنقیدی و تقابلی مطالعہ The issue of spelling and pronunciation has been a topic of discussion in Urdu language and literature from the beginning. In this regard, many researchers, critics, writers, poets, and language reformers have presented their suggestions and made efforts toward language reform. The first phase of language reform in Urdu began with Arzu and Hatim. However, by this time, the Urdu language had already gone through several stages of evolution. Urdu is considered a mixed language because it has been influenced by various languages and trends at different times. These influences have directly shaped the language. Among the languages that have deeply impacted Urdu, Persian holds a key position. Many researchers have highlighted the merits of Persian's influence on Urdu language and literature. Persian has influenced Urdu at various levels, and the same is true for Arabic. Arabic also has a direct impact on Urdu. Due to the influence of these languages, changes occurred in the structure of Urdu, and in some cases, certain distortions emerged. To correct these changes and misunderstandings, many language reformers offered their services and worked at various levels to improve the language. As a result, changes were made to the pronunciation and spelling of Urdu. The reformers especially highlighted issues related to pronunciation.
اردو آپ بیتیاں اور یاداشتیں: لاہور کی ادبی، ثقافتی، سیاسی و سماجی صورتحال کی عہد بہ عہد عکاسی The present research explores the socio-political, cultural, and literary landscape of Lahore as depicted in Urdu autobiographies and memoirs. Throughout history, Lahore has been recognized as an ancient hub of politics, society, and literature, continuously expanding its grandeur with the passage of time. Historical records spanning thousands of years suggest that Lahore’s political, social, and cultural prominence can be traced back to the Ghaznavid era. The Ghaznavid rule profoundly influenced Lahore in multiple aspects, including its linguistic landscape, leading to the widespread adoption of Persian. The fusion of Hindu and Muslim cultures during this period endowed Lahore with a distinct cultural identity. Lahore continued its political and cultural growth under the Ghurid dynasty and the Delhi Sultanate. The reigns of Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb are considered the golden periods of Lahore’s history. However, the Sikh rule marked a phase of intellectual, literary, and cultural decline. With the advent of the British, Lahore witnessed not only political transformations but also significant changes in its literary and intellectual atmosphere. The introduction of a new language further reshaped the city’s cultural fabric. Urdu autobiographies and memoirs provide more than just personal experiences of their authors; they offer deep insights into the socio-political and cultural conditions of their respective eras, thereby helping us understand Lahore’s evolving cultural identity. This study examines how Urdu autobiographies and memoirs portray Lahore’s cultural evolution and its role as a cultural epicenter. It also investigates how these texts, independent of conventional historical narratives, document Lahore’s socio-political dynamics. Moreover, the research explores how Lahore’s viii changing literary landscape has been represented in these accounts, separate from conventional literary histories. This study employs documentary, historical, and thematic research methods. To understand Lahore’s transformation through Urdu autobiographies and memoirs, texts that specifically highlight Lahore’s image have been analyzed. These autobiographies, written by notable literary, political, and social figures of the 20th and 21st centuries, serve as primary sources. The events, impressions, and observations documented in these writings have been critically examined to uncover Lahore’s socio-political, cultural, and literary elements. Given the nature of this research, it was imperative to explore Lahore’s cultural heritage, political fluctuations, and literary developments through Urdu autobiographies rather than conventional historical texts. The study’s significance lies in its structure: the first chapter provides a historical analysis of Lahore’s political, social, and literary transformations from the Ghaznavid era to post-independence, using traditional historical sources. The subsequent chapters examine Lahore’s socio-political and literary landscape before and after the partition, as portrayed in Urdu autobiographies and memoirs. The research concludes that autobiographies are not merely personal narratives; rather, they transcend individual experiences to illuminate broader historical identities and societal transformations. Through these autobiographies, this study sheds light on Lahore’s cultural evolution, socio-political shifts, and literary development across different eras. Before the Partition, Lahore stood as a vibrant intellectual, literary, cultural, and political hub, where literary gatherings flourished, and the city remained a focal point for political activities. However, after the creation of Pakistan, Lahore embarked on a new cultural journey, experiencing shifts in its political and literary dimensions. The narratives recorded in Urdu autobiographies and memoirs document this political ix transition, revealing the multifaceted nature of Lahore’s politics, society, and literary traditions over time.
جدید اردو افسانے میں خواب بہ طور تکنیک: جدید اردوافسانے کی تفہیم و تجزیاتی مطالعہ This research investigates the use of dream theory as a literary technique in modern Urdu fiction, offering a detailed analytical exploration of its role in shaping narrative structures and themes. The study emphasizes the technical aspects of modern Urdu short stories, particularly those that incorporate dream-based narratives, highlighting the relevance of dreams as a significant topic in modern psychology. The research is structured into four chapters and employs a historical and documentary methodology to provide a comprehensive framework for analysis. It begins by examining contributions from Islamic perspectives and evaluating the psychological implications of dreams on human behavior. The philosophical insights of prominent thinkers such as Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Antti Revonsuo are critically explored, with particular attention to Freud’s and Jung’s dream theories and their adoption by contemporary Urdu writers, including Nair Masood, Rasheed Amjad, Mansha Yad, Asad Muhammad Khan, Ahmad Dawood, and Surendra Prakash. Revonsuo’s threat simulation theory is also analyzed, shedding light on its integration into the narrative structures of modern Urdu fiction. This analysis highlights how these theories have influenced thematic elements and storytelling techniques within the genre. However, the study also observes that not all dream representations in modern Urdu fiction are explicitly employed as narrative techniques.
اردو ادب اور وجودیت : اکیسویں صدی کے منتخب اردو ناولوں کی وجودی فکر کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ Existentialism is a Philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. Major themes of this philosophy are Existence precedes essence, Absurdity Nihilism, condemned to be free, lack of meaning in life, Absence of the hand of the power who create this world. Many writers in 21st century utilized existentialist streaks in their writings to depict the poor plight and helplessness of individuals in the society, among those Khalid Javed Mout Ki Kitab Khalida Hussain Kagzi Ghat and Musharaf Alam Zouqi Lay sans Bi Aahista and Murda Khana main Aurat are notable. Existentialist which are present in Dr. Arifa Shahzad’s Novel are discussed in this Article. Dr. Arifa Shahzad is one of the famous writers in the 21st Century. “Main Timsal Hoon” is the first Novel of Arifa Shahzad which is an Existential Novel.
عصری تنقیدی رجحانات : اردو میں مابعد جدید تھیوری کی معنیاتی تعبیرات کا مطالعہ Contemporary linguistic and critical trends have significantly transformed the nature and essence of language and literature, leading to a shift in critical insights as well. Postmodern critical theory explores the semantic linkages in literary texts that were previously unexplored. The approach of this theory toward the discovery of these semantic linkages is based on methods and strategies of text comprehension, analysis, and interpretation, which form the core issue of this research topic. Postmodern theory consists of three primary discussions: one theoretical, focused on the creative process; another practical, dealing with the forms of reading and interpretation; and a third, applied, which relates to the performance of these practical forms. However, more focus has been placed on applied studies than on the practical forms of postmodern theory. This research focuses on the second part, investigating the practical forms of postmodern theory alongside its semantic interpretations, scope, and methodology. These critical discussions introduce a method for interpreting and analyzing texts. Postmodern critical theory is multifaceted and interdisciplinary, leading to a multi-dimensional quality in text interpretation and understanding. This research work, in the light of Western postmodern theories, particularly those of Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Julia Kristeva, investigates the semantic interpretations of postmodern theory. In this context, the study of semantic interpretations of postmodern theory in Urdu literature has been examined from its linguistic, textual, and social dimensions. The tools of postmodern theory offer new standards for criticism, providing insights into semantic depth. Concepts such as deferred meaning, the situational context of meaning in the text, the uncertainty of meaning, indeterminacy, the multiplicity and supplementarity of meaning, and the locality of meaning are central to postmodern critical theory. This research analyzes the linguistic, textual, and social constructs within the framework of postmodern theory to uncover the linguistic, social, cultural, political, and ideological aspects of meaning. Finally, a scope and methodology for the semantic interpretations of postmodern theory in Urdu literature are also proposed.
عصری تنقیدی رجحانات : اردو میں مابعد جدید تھیوری کی معنیاتی تعبیرات کا مطالعہ Contemporary linguistic and critical trends have significantly transformed the nature and essence of language and literature, leading to a shift in critical insights as well. Postmodern critical theory explores the semantic linkages in literary texts that were previously unexplored. The approach of this theory toward the discovery of these semantic linkages is based on methods and strategies of text comprehension, analysis, and interpretation, which form the core issue of this research topic. Postmodern theory consists of three primary discussions: one theoretical, focused on the creative process; another practical, dealing with the forms of reading and interpretation; and a third, applied, which relates to the performance of these practical forms. However, more focus has been placed on applied studies than on the practical forms of postmodern theory. This research focuses on the second part, investigating the practical forms of postmodern theory alongside its semantic interpretations, scope, and methodology. These critical discussions introduce a method for interpreting and analyzing texts. Postmodern critical theory is multifaceted and interdisciplinary, leading to a multi-dimensional quality in text interpretation and understanding. This research work, in the light of Western postmodern theories, particularly those of Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Julia Kristeva, investigates the semantic interpretations of postmodern theory. In this context, the study of semantic interpretations of postmodern theory in Urdu literature has been examined from its linguistic, textual, and social dimensions. The tools of postmodern theory offer new standards for criticism, providing insights into semantic depth. Concepts such as deferred meaning, the situational context of meaning in the text, the uncertainty of meaning, indeterminacy, the multiplicity and supplementarity of meaning, and the locality of meaning are central to postmodern critical theory. This research analyzes the linguistic, textual, and social constructs within the framework of postmodern theory to uncover the linguistic, social, cultural, political, and ideological aspects of meaning. Finally, a scope and methodology for the semantic interpretations of postmodern theory in Urdu literature are also proposed.