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A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL REPORTING BY ISLAMIC BANKS
Impact of Work Centrality and Nacissism on Employee Engagement: Mediating Role of Psychological Contract in Pakistan Mercantile Exchange Employee engagement is an important factor that can enhance performance and productivity of employees. Employee engagement leads to employee performance that is necessary for the business to become a market leader. Employee engagement may influenced by work centrality and narcissism. This study investigates the effect of work centrality (i.e importance of work in one’s life) and narcissism (i.e self-love) on employee engagement. Current study also extends the work done by Fenzel (2013) by adding psychological contract (i.e relation between employee and employer) as a mediator between work centrality and employee engagement. Data was collected from 250 employees of brokerage firms of PMEX (Pakistan Mercantile Exchange) through convenience sampling. Unit of analysis is individual (BDOs) working in brokerage firms. Multiple regression and Hayess process is used to check hypothesis. Findings of this study demonstrate that work centrality has significant positive relationship with employee engagement and there is no significant relationship between narcissism and employee engagement. A full mediation exists between the relationship of work centrality and employee engagement through psychological contract.
THE IMPACT OF JOB SATISFACTION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE, MODERATING ROLE IS ISLAMIC WORK ETHICS The relationship between job satisfaction and employee job performance is debatable. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of job satisfaction on employee job performance. In addition to this, the moderating role of Islamic Work Ethics in the context of Higher Education Institutions of Peshawar has also been checked. To collect the primary data well-developed questionnaires were borrowed from the previous literature. Public sector universities and Degree Awarding Institutions were the target population of the current study. Purposive sampling techniques were adopted and data was collected from the faculty members (N= 248) of the said population. Descriptive analysis, correlation, and simple regression analysis were used to analyze data. To check the moderation impact stepwise regression was carried out by following the guidelines of Cohen et al., (2013). Results indicated that there is a direct relation between Job satisfaction and employee job performance. In the case of the moderation effect, it was found that IWE moderated the link between job satisfaction and employee job performance. Results of this study have conversed in the light of past studies, the managerial implication has been given and future avenues have also been suggested.
Effect of Work life Balance on Employees Job Satisfaction Title: Effect of Work Life Balance on Employees Job Satisfaction In any organization human resource are major contributors to the achievement of competitive advantage; therefore, organizations always focus on the motivation and satisfaction of their employees. Research main objective revolves around examining the effect of work-life balance aspect on the job satisfaction of employees from banking sector employees. Outcomes have indicated a negative relationship with the long working hours and job satisfaction, workload and job satisfaction, job stress and job satisfaction. This showed that the satisfaction level of employees was reduced due to the following variables. It is still a dilemma for managers to find out the ways for minimizing this negative relationship between work life balance and job satisfaction. This research attempted to check the effect of work life balance on employee’s job satisfaction. To find out the relationship between job satisfaction and long working hours, workload, job stress. Using convenience sampling technique, data was collected from 263 employees of banking sector providing organizations in Peshawar, charsadda, and Mardan using structured questionnaires that were adopted from related literature. Correlation and simple linear and stepwise regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that workload, long working hours and job stress significantly reduce the satisfaction level of the employees. Limitations and future recommendations were presented at the end. Keywords: Work Life Balance, Work Load, Long Working Hours, Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, Regression, Reliability Analysis
THE IMPACT OF JOB SATISFACTION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE, MODERATING ROLE IS ISLAMIC WORK ETHICS The relationship between job satisfaction and employee job performance is debatable. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of job satisfaction on employee job performance. In addition to this, the moderating role of Islamic Work Ethics in the context of Higher Education Institutions of Peshawar has also been checked. To collect the primary data well-developed questionnaires were borrowed from the previous literature. Public sector universities and Degree Awarding Institutions were the target population of the current study. Purposive sampling techniques were adopted and data was collected from the faculty members (N= 248) of the said population. Descriptive analysis, correlation, and simple regression analysis were used to analyze data. To check the moderation impact stepwise regression was carried out by following the guidelines of Cohen et al., (2013). Results indicated that there is a direct relation between Job satisfaction and employee job performance. In the case of the moderation effect, it was found that IWE moderated the link between job satisfaction and employee job performance. Results of this study have conversed in the light of past studies, the managerial implication has been given and future avenues have also been suggested.
IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING PROCESS ON ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: THE MODRATED MEDIATION ANALYSIS (Need for OL in Cellular Firms) Since competition in telecom sector of Pakistan is at its peak and it has become hard to achieve effectiveness trough traditional means. Therefore it is very crucial to study the value addition means such as learning to gain effectiveness in organization. This study intends to answer how organizational learning process impacts on organization effectiveness under moderated mediation of organizational innovation and work attitude in cellular companies of Pakistan. Moreover, the operationalization of organizational learning process pertains gap. This research work has enhanced the operationalization of latent constructs by the incorporation of cognitive and behavioral aspect to address the literature gap. Questionnaire survey method has been used to gather the information from targeted sample frame of population of five cellular companies of Pakistan. In order to test the proposed hypothesis empirically, regression analysis has been applied using moderated mediation analysis of Andre Hayes (2014) and Structural Equation Modeling has been applied to testify the overall fitness of model. The results revealed that the organizational learning process have significant indirect effect (through the mediation effect of organizational innovation) on organization effectiveness, positively moderated by work attitude. Hence, learning can be considered as a crucial antecedent factor for the attainment of organization effectiveness therefore, there is a dire need for organizations to enhance organizational learning process so that innovation can be promoted which will further lead organization in fostering organization effectiveness. Cellular companies of Pakistan shall develop strategies in a way that it promotes culture of learning in their organizations. Moreover, it is recommended for future researchers to enhance the study by exploring learning’s relationships among service quality, service innovation success and overall business model in their local context especially in under developed regions of the globe.
the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility, Earnings Management and Financial Performance of the Firm in Context of Pakistan Title: The Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility, Earnings Management and Financial Performance of the Firm in the Context of Pakistan The purpose of this research study is to fill the gap by conducting research to know what impacts CSR has on earning management and financial performance. The meaning of corporate social responsibility is to give anything of value other than the core product by the company which is in the favor of society, understanding the actual needs of the society, ensuring workplace safety of employees, employees’ retention and maintaining a clear relationship between the employees and management results in enhanced financial performance in term of profits, committed employees, customer loyalty and increased sale to face a competitive environment. The purpose of this research is to find out the relationship between corporate social responsibility, earning management and firm’s financial performance in term of employee’s retention, firm reputation and increased profits. The study is quantitative, data collected through questionnaire distributed among the employees and annual reports of different companies on Pakistan Stock exchange, OLS for earning management dummy of 0 and 1 were used to regress the result of dependent and independent variable of the companies performing business in Pakistan. The Financial Performance is dependent variable while Corporate Social Responsibility and Earning Management are the independent variable of the study. Analysis of the study shows that there is a positive correlation between Earning Management and corporate social responsibility and performance. This means that there is a significant relationship between CSR, EM and Performance revealing impacts that CSR and EM have on performance. The purpose of this study is to observe the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Earning Management (EM) in firms registered on Pakistan Stock Exchange. The findings of the study show that CSR and EM lead to higher financial performance in Firms in PSX. Key words: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Earning Management & Financial Performance.
Economic Value Added: Its Validity and Contribution: Evidence From Pakistan Title: Economic Value Added: Its Validity and Contribution – Evidence From Pakistan The ultimate objective of any business entity is to create wealth for its shareholders. Creating wealth in a recent competitive environment requires adaptability and flexibility in operations along with a vigilant control system. Measuring a firm’s performance is a matter of great concern, for the management of the firms, as which performance evaluation tool best describes the value of the firm. The fact is that the very conventional income based measurement tools are still dominating the corporation’s financial evaluation process. Many new performance evaluation tools have been introduced to challenge the supremacy of these conventional measurement tools, out of which one is economic value added. Economic value added is proposed by Stern Stewart and Company in 1991 with a claim of being the superior performance evaluation tool than traditional accounting measures. Economic value added is a new proposition, but the concept is not new as it traces back to 1890, when Alfred Marshall first introduced the concept of residual income. Economic value added being the new variant of the residual income model, yet striving to find its place as a superior performance evaluation metric because the existing literature provides mixed evidence regarding its superiority. This study attempts to compare economic value added and traditional accounting measures i.e. (return on capital employed, return on total assets, debt to equity ratio, earning per share after tax and operating cash flows) in explaining stock prices. The analysis is based on which performance evaluation metric provide more relative and incremental information content in explaining the market value of shares. Regression analysis is used in order to find whether economic value added outperform traditional accounting measures, in explaining the market value of shares, by providing more relative and incremental information content or it is just a myth. The results of the study reveal that economic value added failed to provide any relative information content in explaining the market value of shares. However economic values added do provide a negligible amount of incremental information content in explaining stock prices. Hence the economic value added does not withhold its claim as a superior performance evaluation tool in explaining stock prices as per this study.
Empirical Investigation of Resource Mechanisms that enable Psychological Safety as Potential Determinant of Dual Pathway Consequences: Evidence from Software Houses in Pakista The dynamic and highly growing work demands in Software Houses of Pakistan requires the employees to devote lots of their personal resources to cope with challenging realities, which further, necessitates conducive work settings where psychological safety of employees should be prioritized. Therefore, this research aims at empirically investigates the resources that can develop the most potential determinant of work outcomes i.e. psychological safety, which further prevents employees’ resources to deplete associated with negative work outcomes or enhances employees’ ability to invest their resources associated with positive work outcomes. Moreover, the study aims at fulfilling the theoretical gap in the literature of psychological safety processes by utilization the theoretical viewpoints of Conservation of Resource theory. Through purposive sampling, data from 350 software engineers working in the selected Software Houses, has been collected with the help of structured questionnaire. Regression Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis validates the hypothesized model as best fit. The results indicated that job resources are likely to engender resource investment or resource depletion to influence dual outcomes through the development of psychological safety. Psychological safety and resource investment mediated the impact of job resources on positive work outcomes, whereas, psychological safety and resource depletion mediated the impact of job resources on negative work outcomes. The research reported here extends the theoretical and empirical body of evidence regarding the holistic view how psychological safety develops and influence positive or negative work outcomes through underlying resource constructs. The findings cater the human resource managers of software houses with policies and procedures to create conducive work settings that can reduce unwanted work outcomes and promote beneficial ones. The research based on the limited sample size and research area (Rawalpindi and Islamabad), therefore, future research can be conducted with larger sample size and broader area for further validation.
Determinants of Stock Prices: Evidence from Non-Financial Firms listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange
INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT; MODERATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE AND MEDIATING ROLE OF TRUST Title: Investigating the relationship of employee performance appraisal and employee engagement; moderating role of organizational justice and mediating role of trust Human resources in any organization are major contributors to the achievement of competitive advantage; and to get the objectives efficiently, organizations always focus on the engagement of the employees. Organizational cynicism is the negative employee behavior that reduces the productivity of the employees. Every organization tries to reduce the level of cynicism behavior of the employees to overcome its negative impact within the organization. It is still a dilemma for managers and leaders to find out the ways for minimizing this negative of engagement of employees. This research attempted to check the impact of Employee Performance Appraisal on the Engagement of Employees. Furthermore, the moderating role of Organizational Justice is also checked. Role of Trust as mediation has also been checked. Convenience sampling technique has been used and data was collected from 312 teaching faculties of management sciences department of universities operating in Peshawar, KPK. Questionnaires were adopted from previous literature. Correlation, simple linear, and stepwise regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that employee performance could significantly improve the engagement level of the employee with the moderator organizational justice and mediator Trust. Limitations and future recommendations were presented at the end.
The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Employee’s Organization Commitment: Mediation of Employee’s Organization Identification Title: Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Employee’s organization Commitment: Mediation of Employee’s Organization Identification The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of corporate social responsibility on employee’s organizational commitment through the mediation of organizational identification. The study select employees’ organizational commitment as a dependent variable while corporate social responsibility was taken as an independent variable and organizational identification was selected as a mediating variable. The survey research method was used for the collection of primary data. The population of the study was cellular service providers at Peshawar, 350 employees were selected as a sample using convenient based sampling technique from different cellular companies, such as, Ufone, Mobilink, Warid, Zong and Telenor, however, only 310 responses were received. Data were collected through a Likert scale self-administered questionnaire, which consist of 31 items. Tools of analysis included reliability statistics, regression analysis, model testing, descriptive statistics, while, for mediation analysis Preachers & Hayes mediation effect model was used, along with bootstrapping technique. Results of the study suggest that there is a strong positive association between corporate social responsibility and employee’s organizational commitment; results also suggested that employees’ organizational identification positively mediate the relationship between CSR and employee’s organizational commitment. The study concludes that focus should be given on corporate social responsibility initiatives, in order to enhance employee’s organizational commitment alongside, enrich the levels of employees’ organization identification to ultimately enhance the organizational growth and performance.
Trend in Working capital Management and its impact on Firm Performance: A case of PSX-100 Index Title: Trend in Working Capital Management and its Impact on Firm performance: A of Case of PSX- 100 index. The intention to investigate the trends in working capital management and the association of managing working capital with the firm’s performance usually expressed by profitability is the main objective of the study. The differences among different industries are identified by investigating the profitability and working capital trends. A is the proxy to measure the firm’s performance and its association with the variables representing the WCM is inspected for a sample of 54 firms for the period 2004-2010. The variables like and show a considerable affect on the firm’s earning capability. The study proved a direct and considerable affiliation among the firm liquid position with its performance. Profitability and the firm’ size have a prominent positive association. The association amid debts ratio and the firm’s performance is inverse but this association is insignificant. Similarly, the results show insignificant relation exists between the profitability of the firm and the cash gap ( ) and accounts payables in days ( ). The results show that there is an imperative role of better managing firm working capital with the performance of the company. The organization can craft worth for the company by utilizing the elements of working capital in an efficient way and thus increase the efficiency and performance of the firm.
The impact of Firm characteristics and governance quality on earnings management Title: The Impact of Firm Characteristics and Governance Quality on Earnings Management Earnings management has been a great and consistent concern among practitioners and regulators and has received considerable attention in the accounting literature. Several techniques and reasons exist for the practice of earnings management each is based on the management’s objectives. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the firm’s characteristics and governance quality on earnings management of the firms listed on Pakistan stock exchange, (PSX). The population of the study consists of all firms that are listed on PSX. Furthermore, sample size of the study is 88 non-financial firms. The time period for data collection of the study is 10 years i.e. from 2007 to 2016. Furthermore, panel data technique is used in the study. Dependent variable of the study is earnings management. While the independent variables of the study are firm’s characteristics and governance quality. The results of random effect model estimated by GLS regression shows that there is significant positive relationship of financial leverage and governance quality with earnings management. While on the other hand, the study shows insignificant association of other independent variables with earnings management. The results of this study give an indication to the firms that are listed on PSX to control the level of financial leverage for the purpose to avoid the existence of earnings management practices. The results might also be guidance for the stakeholders of the firms to understand and focus specially on the level of the financial leverage of the firm before taking any investing decisions.