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Perpetration and the question of moral responsibility : A Reading of Selected Petite Memoirs from Kashmir Title: Perpetration and the Question of Moral Responsibility: A Reading of Selected Petite Memoirs from Kashmir The State of Jammu and Kashmir has been seeking peace since 1947. Multiple attempts have been made to bring settlement in the region but none has been successful so far. In the present study, I analyze selected petite memoirs from the three anthologies: Of Occupation and Resistance: Writings From Kashmir (2013) by Fahad Shah, Until My Freedom Has Come: The New Intifada in Kashmir (2011) by Sanjay Kak, and Of Gardens and Graves: Kashmir, Poetry, Politics (2017) by Suvir Kaul undertaken in this study, from the theoretical lenses of perpetrator studies and civil resistance. The study traces the prominent perpetrators responsible for the devastated state of Jammu and Kashmir. The petite memoirs are mostly lived experiences of people from Kashmir. The petite memoirs are a challenge to the grand narratives of its perpetrators that have been constructed globally. The study aims at discovering the various strategies of violence perpetrated by the perpetrators of Jammu and Kashmir and how it has instilled resistance in the people of Kashmir. The study unravels that the people of Kashmir are in an open prison where all aspects of their lives are under military siege. Torture, curfews, gunshots, forced disappearances, and detention are the order of the day. The protracted violence and heavy militarization have turned people into writers, poets, artists, and stone-throwers. The people of Kashmir employ all possible means to get freedom from their nominal democratic ruler. The research reaches the conclusion that the lives and territory of Jammu and Kashmir are forcibly occupied by its ruler who is perpetrating to gain the territory by terrorizing its inhabitants. The people of Jammu and Kashmir strongly deny their occupiers and yearn for freedom
The role of english and translanguagin: An Analysis of Pakistani CFL Classroom Title: The Role of English in Translanguaging: An Analysis of Pakistani CFL Classroom The present study explores the role of English in Translanguaging in Chinese Foreign Language classrooms in Pakistan. CFL classroom is a typical translanguaging group, where the Chinese teachers and the Pakistani students communicate with one another in the target language-Chineseand the medium language-English by utilizing all their linguistic repertoires to achieve the pedagogical goals. This research detects the varied factors that affect Chinese teachers’ and Pakistani students’ attitudes toward using English in CFL classrooms. The internal factors include teachers' perceptions of L1 and L2 learning, teachers' English proficiency, worry about over-relying on English in the learning of Chinese, students' Chinese language proficiency, and the course content itself, whereas the external factor is mainly from the educational body. Regarding the types of translanguaging used in CFL classrooms, the researcher has applied the pre-described themes in data analysis including interpretative function, managerial function and interactive function. The researcher has incorporated a mixed method design in methodology; semi-structured interviews, classroom observations and questionnaires are used as the data collection tools. The qualitative data addresses the research questions from the Chinese teachers’ perspective, whereas the quantitative data answers the research questions fromthe Pakistani students’ perspective. The findings reveal that both the Chinese teachers and the Pakistani students believe that overall English plays a positive role in Pakistani CFL classrooms. However, there is certain complexity in using English as the medium of instruction in Pakistani CFL classrooms; its interpretative function is the primary one among all the three translanguaging functions, interpretative, managerial and interactive function in foreign language classrooms. The study contributes globally and the findings may be incorporated into the pedagogical schemes of CFL teaching in Pakistan.
"All Myths, all Lies",: Hegemonic Masculinity and gender politics in selected fiction of muhammad Hanif This research attempts to explore the relationship between normative masculinities and the violence against women, minorities, and other marginalized subjectivities in Pakistan. My project is based on the premise that patriarchal domination begins among men by creating an internal hierarchy, as identified by R.W. Connell, which controls the subordinated and marginalized men by defining an idealized exemplar of masculinity and marginalizes women and femininity as the negative other. In Hanif’s writings, we come across various characters that occupy positions of power and privilege by legitimating hegemonic ideals, as well as those who face abjection and violence for not conforming to these ideals. This thesis is thus a feminist study of Pakistani hegemonic masculinity and its socio-cultural, political, and historical dynamics in relation to violence against women and other marginalized subjectivities powerfully represented in Mohammed Hanif’s A Case of Exploding Mangoes (2008), Our Lady of Alice Bhatti (2011) and Red Birds (2018). I approach Hanif’s writings with theoretical underpinnings from a range of global scholarship on masculinities studies and feminism to identify the narratives that idealize hegemonic masculinity and their many implications, transitions and internal contradictions for a viable and effective feminist struggle in South Asia, and particularly in Pakistan.
Metaphorical and Conversational Code- Switching as Narrative Techniques in Pakistani Short Stories Title: Metaphorical and Conversational Code-Switching as Narrative Techniques in Pakistani Short Stories. The present study attempts to identify the various patterns of code-switching employed as narrative techniques in the selected Pakistani short stories written by Usmani and Akhtar respectively. Both the writers make use of the linguistic forms in an innovative way. Code-switching is basically considered to be a sociolinguistic phenomenon whereby the bilingual and multilingual speakers interact with each other. However, this research work examines this sociolinguistic phenomenon from a different angle as the focus shifts from sociolinguistics to narratology. The writers employ metaphorical and conversational code-switching patterns for constructing and developing the thematic structure of the narratives. Monika Fludernik's theory of Natural Narratives (2002) has been applied to the selected texts. This theory operates at four levels. Only the first two levels relate to this research work. Level one refers to the pre-understanding of the world on the basis of the initial cognitive frames of experiencing. Level two focuses on the construction of the narrative by the reader. So, narrativity is basically experientiality for evoking real-life experiences. Textual analysis has been used for the in-depth analysis of the code-switching patterns. The writers have deployed code-switching patterns as narrative techniques to fill the linguistic gaps, construct a different society and portray a dynamic culture. These patterns enable the readers to experience and enjoy the day-to-day matters related to Pakistani society. Basically, these narrative techniques increase the readability of the narratives. So, the research study is insightful as it brings to fore the significant role of the code-switching patterns in the selected narratives
TRAVERSING THE COLONIAL SCRIPTORIUM: A POSTCOLONIAL CRITIQUE OF ORIENTAL FOLKTALES AND LEGEND Thesis Title: Traversing the Colonial Scriptorium: A Postcolonial Critique of Oriental Folktales and Legends The study explores the construction of the European cultural imaginary of the Orient in the colonial folkloristics projected by the selected British functionaries who collected, translated, and published the indigenous folktales and legends of Punjab during the British colonial era. The study delineates how the production of the colonial discourse about the Punjabi Orient is an attempt to define and perpetuate its otherness through targeted marginalization. Otherness can be unfolded by rethinking and reconstructing the manners appropriated and used by the colonial masters to misrepresent, repress, omit, and stereotype the colonized. The study, through the textual analyses of the selected folktales and legends from Richard Carnac Temple’s The Legends of the Panjab (Vol I, II, & III) and Charles Swynnerton’s Romantic Tales from the Punjab, has investigated the contribution of the colonial folk narratives in reinforcing the orientalized exotic images of the Punjab and its inhabitants via circulation among European readers, focusing too strongly on the difference. The study employs an eclectic approach consisting of multiple postcolonial perspectives informed by the theoretical insights of Peter van der Veer on syncretism and Edward Said’s framework on Orientalism. It also invokes Spivak’s theorization of epistemic violence to showcase the coloniality of the texts under discussion. The researcher focuses on the colonial construction of oriental syncretic saints through the analyses of the figures of Puran Bhagat and Sakhi Sarwar. Moreover, the researcher investigates how the colonial narratives construct and propagate the saint-like oriental lovers to orientalize and marginalize the indigenous other through the romantic tales of Hir and Ranjha, Sassi and Punnun, and Mirza and Sahiban. These colonial folk narratives have underscored an ambiguously syncretic religious identity of the Orient in Punjab. To validate this viewpoint, the researcher has used the native versions of a few similar folk narratives to underline the discourse of difference vis-à-vis the colonial assertions. It is envisaged that the study will inspire certain future research projects illustrating the production of the Orient in different indigenous languages by colonial folklorists.
Science of Transformations: A Comparative Study of Syntactic Constructions in Punjabi and English Languages The goal of a grammarian is to develop a theory of grammar which could describe and explain all and only grammatical constructions of natural languages. To achieve this, different grammar theories, for example, prescriptive, descriptive and generative, were developed. Noam Chomsky developed the theory of generative grammar in the 1950s, which also underwent many revisions and modifications since then. Chomsky’s theory of generative grammar has been applied to many occidental and oriental languages to draw syntactic similarities and disparities. Punjabi is one of the major languages spoken in Pakistan, India and various parts of the world, and its various aspects like phonology, morphology, status in Pakistan and its desertion have been researched. However, Punjabi language has not been studied and compared to English language by applying the revised extended standard theory of transformation grammar. For this qualitative study, the purposive data have been taken mainly from ‘Punjabi Descriptive Grammar (2013) by Tej Bhatia’, and analyzed through the X bar model. The analysis of data reveals that Punjabi and English are syntactically distinct languages. Punjabi is a head final while English is a head first language. Punjabi is a split-ergative language and employs both transitive and intransitive verbs to have passive constructions; moreover, oblique noun case is used to have Punjabi passive rather than nominative case. Besides passives, there are a number of closed-ended interrogative constructions such as neutral, leading, alternative and echo questions are used. Furthermore, the position of question words is usually post-subject in Punjabi constructions and they do not undergo any movement to generate surface structure as it is one of the in-situ languages. On the contrary, English is an ex-situ language; however, it behaves like an in-situ language when the question word is the subject of the construction. In addition to these, Punjabi imperative constructions are generated with and without the deletion of pronouns. Finally, the exclamatory constructions of Punjabi language are generated without undergoing any movement rule. The transformations rules employed to generate Punjabi syntactic constructions include addition/insertion, head movement, A-movement, deletion and embedding. The movement rules of auxiliary inversion, wh movement and operator movement are not usually applied to generate v Punjabi surface structures. The syntactic disparities and the differences of varied transformational and movement rules applied to generate syntactic constructions of both the languages have implications for Punjabi and other SOV languages. The language teachers may draw syntactic similarities and highlight dissimilarities to facilitate the learning process. For future research, government and binding theory may be applied to both Punjabi and English languages.
Science of Transformations: A Comparative Study of Syntactic Constructions in Punjabi and English Languages The goal of a grammarian is to develop a theory of grammar which could describe and explain all and only grammatical constructions of natural languages. To achieve this, different grammar theories, for example, prescriptive, descriptive and generative, were developed. Noam Chomsky developed the theory of generative grammar in the 1950s, which also underwent many revisions and modifications since then. Chomsky’s theory of generative grammar has been applied to many occidental and oriental languages to draw syntactic similarities and disparities. Punjabi is one of the major languages spoken in Pakistan, India and various parts of the world, and its various aspects like phonology, morphology, status in Pakistan and its desertion have been researched. However, Punjabi language has not been studied and compared to English language by applying the revised extended standard theory of transformation grammar. For this qualitative study, the purposive data have been taken mainly from ‘Punjabi Descriptive Grammar (2013) by Tej Bhatia’, and analyzed through the X bar model. The analysis of data reveals that Punjabi and English are syntactically distinct languages. Punjabi is a head final while English is a head first language. Punjabi is a split-ergative language and employs both transitive and intransitive verbs to have passive constructions; moreover, oblique noun case is used to have Punjabi passive rather than nominative case. Besides passives, there are a number of closed-ended interrogative constructions such as neutral, leading, alternative and echo questions are used. Furthermore, the position of question words is usually post-subject in Punjabi constructions and they do not undergo any movement to generate surface structure as it is one of the in-situ languages. On the contrary, English is an ex-situ language; however, it behaves like an in-situ language when the question word is the subject of the construction. In addition to these, Punjabi imperative constructions are generated with and without the deletion of pronouns. Finally, the exclamatory constructions of Punjabi language are generated without undergoing any movement rule. The transformations rules employed to generate Punjabi syntactic constructions include addition/insertion, head movement, A-movement, deletion and embedding. The movement rules of auxiliary inversion, wh movement and operator movement are not usually applied to generate v Punjabi surface structures. The syntactic disparities and the differences of varied transformational and movement rules applied to generate syntactic constructions of both the languages have implications for Punjabi and other SOV languages. The language teachers may draw syntactic similarities and highlight dissimilarities to facilitate the learning process. For future research, government and binding theory may be applied to both Punjabi and English languages.
CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN LEGAL DISCOURSE: A CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE COURT JUDGMENTS IN PAKISTAN This study explores the frequency and types of metaphors in the legal discourse in Pakistan. For this purpose, a specialized corpus, Corpus of Legal Discourse in Pakistan (COLD), was built from the selected judgements of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Subsequently, COLD was analyzed for metaphor identification using a combination of techniques including those applied by Charteris-Black (2004), MIP (Metaphor Identification Procedure) by Pragglejaz Group (2007) and MIPVU (a modified version of MIP developed at Vrije Universiteit) by Steen et al., (2010). The method involved both quantitative and qualitative analyses to determine the frequency, types and role of metaphors in COLD. The study found that 13.60% of the corpus consisted of metaphors with prepositions making the dominant word class of all metaphorically used words, followed by verbs and then nouns. The prominent source domains identified in the corpus included physical objects, space, humans and journey, along with several other minor domains. It was observed that metaphors have been used to perform communicative, persuasive and ideological roles in the corpus, by not only communicating the abstract and unfamiliar concepts in familiar and concrete terms, but also by serving the ideological purpose of convincing the audience about the objectivity and impartiality of the judicial system in dispensing justice and establishing the superiority and dominance of law and its associated institutions. Several of the findings of the study were found consistent with previous studies on the topic. The study also found a large number of further instances of Complex System Metaphors and Event Structure Metaphors from the domain of legal discourse in the context of Pakistan.
CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN LEGAL DISCOURSE: A CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE COURT JUDGMENTS IN PAKISTAN This study explores the frequency and types of metaphors in the legal discourse in Pakistan. For this purpose, a specialized corpus, Corpus of Legal Discourse in Pakistan (COLD), was built from the selected judgements of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Subsequently, COLD was analyzed for metaphor identification using a combination of techniques including those applied by Charteris-Black (2004), MIP (Metaphor Identification Procedure) by Pragglejaz Group (2007) and MIPVU (a modified version of MIP developed at Vrije Universiteit) by Steen et al., (2010). The method involved both quantitative and qualitative analyses to determine the frequency, types and role of metaphors in COLD. The study found that 13.60% of the corpus consisted of metaphors with prepositions making the dominant word class of all metaphorically used words, followed by verbs and then nouns. The prominent source domains identified in the corpus included physical objects, space, humans and journey, along with several other minor domains. It was observed that metaphors have been used to perform communicative, persuasive and ideological roles in the corpus, by not only communicating the abstract and unfamiliar concepts in familiar and concrete terms, but also by serving the ideological purpose of convincing the audience about the objectivity and impartiality of the judicial system in dispensing justice and establishing the superiority and dominance of law and its associated institutions. Several of the findings of the study were found consistent with previous studies on the topic. The study also found a large number of further instances of Complex System Metaphors and Event Structure Metaphors from the domain of legal discourse in the context of Pakistan.
CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN LEGAL DISCOURSE: A CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE COURT JUDGMENTS IN PAKISTAN This study explores the frequency and types of metaphors in the legal discourse in Pakistan. For this purpose, a specialized corpus, Corpus of Legal Discourse in Pakistan (COLD), was built from the selected judgements of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Subsequently, COLD was analyzed for metaphor identification using a combination of techniques including those applied by Charteris-Black (2004), MIP (Metaphor Identification Procedure) by Pragglejaz Group (2007) and MIPVU (a modified version of MIP developed at Vrije Universiteit) by Steen et al., (2010). The method involved both quantitative and qualitative analyses to determine the frequency, types and role of metaphors in COLD. The study found that 13.60% of the corpus consisted of metaphors with prepositions making the dominant word class of all metaphorically used words, followed by verbs and then nouns. The prominent source domains identified in the corpus included physical objects, space, humans and journey, along with several other minor domains. It was observed that metaphors have been used to perform communicative, persuasive and ideological roles in the corpus, by not only communicating the abstract and unfamiliar concepts in familiar and concrete terms, but also by serving the ideological purpose of convincing the audience about the objectivity and impartiality of the judicial system in dispensing justice and establishing the superiority and dominance of law and its associated institutions. Several of the findings of the study were found consistent with previous studies on the topic. The study also found a large number of further instances of Complex System Metaphors and Event Structure Metaphors from the domain of legal discourse in the context of Pakistan.
Processing of Morphologically Complex Words in Urdu and English by Urdu English Bilinguals: A Psycholinguistic Stud The study investigates the processing of morphologically complex words in Urdu (L1) and English (L2). The theoretical background of the study is based on the dual mechanism theory (Pinker & Ullman, 2002) which posits that L1 users decompose the morphologically complex words before storing them in their mental lexicons whereas the morphological decomposition is not available for L2 users in the early stages of L2 learning. Thirty-nine Urdu-English bilinguals took part in two similar lexical decision-making experiments. These participants were divided into three groups according to their proficiency levels based on their scores in the LexTALE test. Two very similar masked priming experiments of Urdu and English wereused inthestudy. In boththeexperiments,primes wereshowntotheparticipants for 50 milliseconds before asking the participants to respond to the target words in a lexical decision-making task. The experiments included inflections, derivations, and compound words of Urdu and English. The English experiment also included items containing words that were only orthographically related. The data was analyzed via the MANOVA in the SPSS. The results showed across the board priming effects for the Urdu experiment. In English, however, only high proficiency group displayed priming effects in inflections, derivations, and one of the three compound words. No primingwasobservedfortheorthographicallyrelatedprimesandtargets.Thefindings suggest that the native speakers of a language break down the morphologically complex words. The second language learners, however, achieve the native-like processing only after attaining higher levels of proficiency in the second language. The study is significant as it focuses on bilingual minds investigating the similarities anddifferencesbetweenL1andL2processing.
“SEARCH FOR MEANING” AND LOGOTHERAPY: AN ANALYSIS OF DITA KRAUS’ A DELAYED LIFE: THE TRUE STORY OF THE LIBRARIAN OF AUSCHWITZ AND DIANE COOK’S THE NEW WILDERNESS This thesis studies the depiction of trauma in contemporary dystopian fiction, The New Wilderness (2019) by Diane Cook and memoir, A Delayed Life (2020) by Dita Kraus. Employing the theoretical framework of Viktor Frankl’s Logotherapy and Cathy Caruth’s Trauma Theory, the study aims to explore how these narratives portray the impact of traumatic experiences on the characters and how they cope with their circumstances to find meaning in life. Frankl’s Logotherapy offers a unique perspective on trauma by emphasizing the search for meaning as a fundamental human need. The thesis examines how Kraus’ and Cook’s protagonists navigate their traumatic environments, drawing upon inner strengths and a sense of purpose to endure. Caruth’s Trauma Theory delves into the essence of traumatic experiences. This study examines the portrayal of fragmented memories, recurring patterns of trauma, and flashbacks within the narratives. The analysis sheds light on the character’s struggles to integrate their traumatic pasts into their present lives. By analyzing two distinct genres, this research emphasizes the parallels and differences in how characters experience trauma in dystopian fiction and memoir, as well as their subsequent journeys towards discovering meaning. By intertwining the theoretical frameworks of Logotherapy and trauma theory, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the characters’ psychological journeys, unveiling the complex interplay between trauma, resilience, and the quest for meaning. Ultimately, this analysis contributes to the existing scholarly discourse on trauma literature offering insights into ways in which the characters in the fiction and memoir deal with trauma. The characters in the memoir find solace and a meaning of their suffering in forming deeper connections with other humans while the characters in dystopian fiction resort to their individualistic sense of self.
A Comparative Study of Inflectional Morphemes in Punjabi and English The present study aims to highlight and compare the nominal and verbal morphological differences and similarities in the Punjabi and English languages. It also describes the variety in its form, function, and meaning. The study uses morphological analysis method to analyse the data, and contributes to the field of canonical typology, as typology is a testing ground for theories to be proven right or wrong (Audring & Masini, 2019). The study analyses the data with the help of Canonical Morphosyntactic Feature Values Theory presented by Greville G. Corbett, along with its three principles and ten criteria (Arkadiev, 2010). These principles and criteria not only shape the data collection method but maneuver the data analysis procedure as well. The examples from both Punjabi and English are taken against these principles and criteria and analysed to check if the data matches the principles and criteria presented in the theoretical framework. The data is collected from two sources, i.e., Bhatia (1993) and Shah (2015). The major differences found in Punjabi and English morphemes are striking. Punjabi nouns are inflected either by prepositional marking or postpositional ergativity. Punjabi verbs pose ambiguity with the rule of split ergativity in the form of causative, conjunct, and compound verbs. However, these features are nowhere to be found in English. The findings of the study revealed that nouns and verbs in Punjabi vary tremendously from their English counterparts, and their behaviours do not line up perfectly simple morphologically, syntactically, and semantically. The Punjabi morphosyntactic features and their values transcend the simple syntactic and semantic rules. For instance, the ergatives or case markers do not admit to the syntactic rules, i.e., inanimate nouns in Punjabi usually do not take the accusative postposition nu, whereas animate objects require it. This study is not only going to help language learners and translators from Punjabi and English origins but also assist researchers with the concept of morphological analysis and classification of inflectional differences and similarities in both origins.
EXPLORING TRANSLANGUAGING PRACTICES IN ENGLISH CLASSROOM: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF GRADUATE-LEVEL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING This research has attempted to explore Translanguaging practices in English language teaching classrooms at Graduate level of Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan. Translanguaging as proposed by Garcia and Le Wei (2014) which has been used as theoretical framework focuses on the process of teaching strategy in English language classroom, the phenomena of Translanguaging thereby create an ease in learning the target language and teachers teaching English employ Translanguaging as pedagogical tool in the English language classroom. This study followed the mixed method research design to collect the data for the study through three set of data collection, 1) Semistructured interviews with the teachers, 2) Classroom observations and 3) closed ended questionnaire. This study analyzed the 10 interviews conducted with the teachers, eight classroom observations and 100 questionnaire respondents selected from the English Department of Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan. The study employed mixed method approach. This study found that teachers and students use Translanguaging as a technique to enhance their language learning capabilities. It was found explicitly that learners were inclined more to use Translanguaging in order to comprehend the knowledge of the target language. Thus, Translanguaging has been used as an effective tool of language learning and teaching processes. This study also found that Translanguaging is not only the necessity of classroom practices but also it can be noticed outside of the classroom activities. This study recommends different language learning and teaching strategies for the teachers and students to create a better and conducive language learning atmosphere in classrooms to build up the linguistic repertoire of the students via using Translanguaging techniques at graduate level.