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| Title | Abstract | Action(s) |
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| REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN EURASIA: ROLE OF RUSSIA IN EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION | Eurasia, a geopolitical and economic hotspot at the meeting point of Europe and Asia, is where countries congregate to discuss the possibilities of regional integration. In this vast region, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) has become a noteworthy endeavor with the goals of coordinating economic policy, advancing commerce, and cultivating stronger relationships between its constituent nations. The main objective of the research is to study historical evolution of European regional integration and its dynamics, to explain and analyze the dynamics of EAEU, to evaluate the role of Russia in EAEU with political and economic perspective, to determine the levels of efficacy of EAEU and its impacts on member state geopolitics and geoeconomy. This study utilizes a qualitative research methodology, focusing on a comprehensive examination of the historical, political, and economic elements that have influenced the EAEU. The study utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach, systematically detailing historical events, policies, and institutional developments, followed by an analysis of their implications within the framework of regional integration theories, particularly neofunctionalism. The study shows there is a need to enhance the Eurasian Economic Union institution framework for better dispute resolution and implementation of policies, the dependency of Russia should be minimized so the stability of the union should be enhanced. |
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| Impact of Food Scarcity on National Security of Pakistan | Food scarcity has become a critical challenge for developing countries, particularly Pakistan, a nation with the fifth-largest population and an agriculture-based economy. Despite this agricultural foundation, the country struggles to ensure the availability, accessibility, and affordability of adequate and nutritious food due to climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, mismanagement of resources, population growth, and poor governance. These challenges not only deepen poverty and malnutrition but also impact health and social stability. Pakistan is already facing extreme political instability, economic crisis, social unrest, and geopolitical rivalries. In this scenario, food scarcity adds to the existing challenges faced by the country. As food insecurity worsens, it fuels unrest, increases economic disparities, and undermines public trust in governance, ultimately threatening national cohesion and state stability. This thesis aims to examine the impact of food scarcity on Pakistan’s socio-economic landscape and analyzes how food scarcity is worsening due to poverty and creating challenges for the governance and overall security of the country. The research contends that food scarcity fuels discontentment among people regarding existing socio-economic policies, increasing economic disparities, unrest and protest, and a weak political system. With the application of Barry Buzan's Securitization Theory, the thesis emphasizes how food scarcity can be seen as a non-traditional security threat that needs attention and extraordinary steps. It argues for the integration of food security into national security planning and calls for policy transformation emphasizing sustainable agriculture, improved water management, and inclusive governance. The findings contribute to the discourse on non-traditional security and propose actionable policy recommendations for addressing food scarcity in ways that strengthen Pakistan’s internal stability and regional peace. Keywords: Food Scarcity, national Security, Pakistan, securitization theory, non-traditional |
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| Hydro Politics of the Indus River Basin: The Conflict and Cooperation Potential of Trans-Boundary Water in Pakistan-India Relations | South Asia, endowed with abundant natural resources and vast river systems originating from its consecutive mountain ranges, faces persistent challenges in transboundary water governance. The unjust boundary demarcation of 1947 and unequal distribution of water resources have created enduring power asymmetries within the Indus River Basin, leading to the securitization of water in the region. Within this context, hydropolitics emerges as a critical field in security studies, offering analytical insights into the complex interplay among states sharing transboundary waters. The Indus water dispute between Pakistan and India reflects a dual pattern of conflict and cooperation, where the Indus Water Treaty (1960) has long served as a framework for water sharing but is increasingly strained by climate change impacts and persistent political tensions. Guided by a comprehensive conceptual framework, this study explores how historical grievances, strategic competition, the Kashmir conflict, cross-border terrorism, and identity-based perceptions shape the hydro-political dynamics between the two nuclear-armed neighbors. Through qualitative analysis, the research identifies the underlying causes and evolving trajectories of both cooperation and confrontation in their hydro-political relationship. The findings suggest that political mistrust, historical divisions, and security rivalries continue to fuel tensions over shared water resources, threatening regional stability. The study concludes that enhanced hydro-diplomacy and cooperative water management are essential for transforming the static and conflict-prone hydro-political relations between Pakistan and India into a foundation for sustainable peace in South Asia. |
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| ENERGY DIPLOMACY OF RUSSIA IN KAZAKHSTAN (2018-2025): GEOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR CHINA | This paper analyzes the energy politics of Russia in Kazakhstan, 2018-2025, and how it affects the Chinese geopolitics. It states that Russia having its control over the energy export infrastructure of Kazakhstan, especially via the pipelines, for example the CPC and Uzen- Atyrau-Samara, makes Moscow a gatekeeper in the region, allowing it to restrict the sovereignty of Kazakhstan and the influence of China. Although Beijing has invested in the Belt and Road Initiative and developed direct oil and gas pipelines, its energy security is still limited by structural reliance on routes traditionally controlled by Russia. As a nation with a multi-vector foreign policy, Kazakhstan hopes to balance out Russian pressure with Chinese investment and partners of the West, thus allowing it to have greater strategic freedom. As the analysis has pointed out, energy, in this case, is not only an economic commodity, but also a means of diplomacy and projection of power. The findings indicate the key role of Kazakhstan as a road and a battleground in the wider conflict over control of Eurasia. The research design is grounded on qualitative research, and thematic analysis of secondary sources (scholars’ books, journal articles, government reports and policy papers) will be carried out, with the main data sources being represented by the publications of the Russian and Kazakh governments. The proposed method will permit the close examination of the application of energy diplomacy as a geopolitical tool in the region. Key words: Energy Diplomacy, Regional Connectivity, Special Economic Zone, Geopolitical Dynamics. |
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