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PRAGMATICS OF TROLLING: ANALYSIS OF NEWS ARTICLES AND COMMENT THREADS OF ONLINE NEWSPAPER SITES Speech Act theory proposes that language is an autonomous and rule governing system, things which we say take their meaning from their inherent types i.e., questions, promises, statements and declarations. Language has been used in multiple ways keeping in consideration the immediate context, messages are delivered in indirect manner by saying something and meaning something else. The use of language and nature of electronic medium together creates multiple online behaviors, which are from polite to harsh nature. The focus of present study was negative behavior of trolling in news websites. This study used data from third largest media group Dawn, ranging from months of July to September 2018, news articles to examine negatively marked online behavior of trolling in articles and their comments. It examined the pragmatic factors which transforms the parameters of any discussion into different direction which are unnecessary and irrelevant. Language expressions, illocutionary forces, perlocutionary effects and interpersonal relationships are used as measures to explore the insight of this negative linguistic behavior. The study employed the techniques of content analysis, used John Langshaw Austin’s framework of Speech Act theory, and explored the dimensions of trolling in sample of twenty articles and their comment threads. The context of research was language and technology. The study as a whole found out, language in non-physical conflictive and disturbing situation is used in same manner as used in aggressively tense physical situation. It uncovered eleven categories of criticism, aggression, allegation, provocation, rejection, challenge, disagreement, failure, disappointment, disturbance, and hatred. Theuse of metaphors, analogy, paradox, euphemism, circumlocution, and sarcasm turns discussion into trolling.Pragmatic framework pursued in research supported in recognizing the notion even though aggression and conflict appear through other means but are essentially realized through language.The findings suggested that anonymous nature of internet has conspicuous role in facilitating this type of behavior, it acts as protective shield and allows freedom of completely different nature.
Triple Mirror of The Poet: Tracing the Translational Strategies in English Translations of Iqbal’s Shikwa Jawab-E-Shikwa ABSTRACT Title: Triple Mirror of the Poet: Tracing the Translational Strategies in English Translations of Iqbal‘s Shikwa Jawab-e-Shikwa The present study investigates three English translations of Allama Muhammad Iqbal‘s poetry rendered by A.J. Arberry, Khushwanth Singh and Sultan Zahoor Akhtar. The source text (ST) comprises his poems, Shikwa and Jawab-e-Shikwa. The study explores the translational strategies and the lexical and syntactical choices used by the translators in the three translations. Further, it also attempts to uncover as to how far the selected translations retain the content and form of the original poems. The study identifies whether the translators truly understand the meaning of lexical and syntactical elements of the ST, which is then reflected in their translations, or they deviate from the meaning of the original. Keeping in view the research questions that I have formulated, the research method in this research is qualitative in nature. I have used Vinay and Darbelnt‘s model (2004) for examining the translational strategies used by the translators. The characteristic features of these strategies are exhibited in the selection of certain lexemes and phrasemes used by the translators which also impact their translations. After analyzing the translation of the selected stanzas, it has been found that the translators have used a variety of approaches that consequently resulted in different translations, though at some places, the translations also show some similarities. The study concludes with the understanding that verse to verse translation, with absolute perfection is not possible, especially in the present case, where the languages involved are grammatically and culturally different. Moreover, the knowledge of the translator regarding technical aspects of poetry is also significant in transferring the content and form of source text to target text. The study has shown that loss and gain are likely to occur in the process of translation as sometimes the translator has to opt for either preserving the meaning of the original, or maintaining the poetic beauty in the translation. Lastly, the study recommends that the translators should focus on creating a balance in transferring both content and form.
THE LANGUAGE OF SUICIDE NOTES: A GENDER-BASED FORENSIC LINGUISTIC STUDY Suicide notes are one of the prominent and intriguing areas of study in Forensic Linguistics which is relatively under explored in Pakistan. The present study has analyzed a total of 70 Pakistani suicide notes from the perspective of Forensic Linguistics. As little research is conducted on the language of Pakistani suicide notes within various disciplines, the study is conducted at grass-root level. This research study has attempted to analyze a total of 70 Pakistani suicide notes, written in English, from the perspective of Forensic Linguistics. Lexical choices, with regards to gender, are analyzed to trace out the linguistic patterns in Pakistani suicide notes using sketch engine. The suicide notes are also analyzed to determine aspects of language in male and female suicide notes that depict the features of the interpersonal theory of suicide. In addition to this, forensic sematic analysis is performed by incorporating relevance theory to extract social issues leading to suicide in Pakistan. It is noted that male suicide notes are more precise and to the point with less use of conjunctions which makes the structure less complex. On the other hand, female suicide notes are merely elaborative with comparatively more conjunctions, adjectives and adverbs. Where male suicide notes usually discuss about ‘money’, ‘job’ and ‘family’, female notes talk about their ‘decisions’, ‘dreams’ and ‘pains’. Characteristics of ‘Perceived Burdensome’ were majorly found in Pakistani suicide notes. It was noted that Males usually suicide over lack of financial opportunities, debt, depression and inability to fulfill the responsibility whereas, females usually suicide due to disapproval of choices, forced approvals, inability to select their own choices and stress. The findings of the study provide a solid foundation to build on for the future researches which could explore other variables with extensive data.
RETRIEVAL OF MYTHS IN NATIVE AMERICAN WRITINGS: A NEW HISTORICIST STUDY ABSTRACT Thesis Title: Retrieval of Myths in Native American Writings: A New Historicist Study The difference in the concept of history – ceremonial and chronological – between Native American and Eurocentric viewpoints grows the debate on the in/valid representation of the ‘historicity’ or social and cultural embedment in Native American literature and ‘textuality’, the access to the historical credibility and intelligibility, of Native American history. The ‘transcendental signified’ of Eurocentrism however privileges the Eurocentric view on history, hence canonizes western second-hand knowledge about the firsthand experience of Native Americans. In the wake of civilization, the Euro-American scholars overruled Native American cultural stories and historiography and determined that Native Americans had no culture or history. In resistance, Native American literary and non-literary writers assembled Native American mythical stories in their writings to [re]construct their cultural history. Also, these aboriginal stories describe the misconceptions about Native American history. According to new historicism, these mythical stories inscribed in Native American literary and non-literary texts are credible as they are the productions, hence the producers, of aboriginal culture wherein they were told or written. In this regard, Native American literary texts, Tracks (1988) by Louise Erdrich and Ceremony (1977) by Leslie Marmon Silko, and non-literary texts, God is Red (1973) and The World We Used to Live In (2006) by Vine Deloria Jr., (re)produce Native American history from pre-Columbian time to late 20th century as the stories and reports inscribed in them are the productions of this period of North America. The textual (individual) and co-textual (collective) thick description of the mythical stories and historical documentation inscribed in delimited texts exercise: how much Tracks and Ceremony are the productions of the culture in which they were written; to what extent God Is Red and The World We Used To Live In mythistoricize North American aboriginal history; and how much the co-textual (collective) study of these stories would have a better understanding of Native American cultural history.
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF SPEECH IN ORAL CULTURES: A LINGUO-CULTURAL STUDY OF YORUBA AND PUNJABI PROVERBS ABSTRACT Thesis Title: Conceptualization of Speech in Oral Cultures: A Linguo-Cultural Study of Yoruba and Punjabi Proverbs Oral and aural communications are the most dynamic processes through which local wisdom is both preserved and transmitted. Reading the proverbs that carry the folk wisdom within a culture and across the cultures is an appropriate way to understand the cultural nuances that develop among certain communities over a long history of social existence. The comparative study of how one culture differs or concords with another as far as the transmittance of historical and folk wisdom is concerned brings forth a deeper understanding of human behavior both at intracultural and intercultural levels. A culture’s proverbs indicate the verbal behavior of a language community which provides an insight into the norms, values, preferences and codes of conduct in that particular culture. The present research is focused on the paremiological corpora of Nigerian (Yoruba) and Pakistani (Punjabi) languages which have been selected for multiple similarities discovered between the respective linguo-cultures, including their orality and traditionality, which in turn informs about other factors, including socio-cultural norms, colonial history, the state of economy as well as religious affiliations. In one culture, speech is encouraged, and in the other, it is relatively discouraged. This trend owes to the universality of interactive goals of speech proverbs, which makes them a rich source of data for cross-linguistic and cross-cultural comparison. The conceptual framework has been adapted from the Linguo-Cultural approach proposed by Petrova (2016, 2019) and the theory of Cultural Scripts (Wierzbicka & Goddard, 2010) for a cross-cultural and cross-linguistic investigation of proverbs. Relevant dictionaries of proverbs have been used to solicit data related to the semantic domain of speech. For contextually relevant and authentic outcomes, cultural informants from both cultures have helped select, identify, and ensure the currency, categorization, back translation, and interpretation of the speech-related proverbs. Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) has been used to explicate the dominant trends emerging from a culturematic analysis from both collections. This Cultural-Scripts based comparison v establishes the respective people’s implicit ‘cultural grammar’ and a sort of shared interpretive background. The study confirmed the hypothesis by Fischer and Yoshida that the population density of a speech community affects the positive or negative attitude towards speech. Punjabi proverbs from a speech community with higher population density delineate an overall image of the preference for silence, restraint, contemplation, and indirectness. While the Nigerian corpus, from a region with lower population density, delineates preferences for speech, clarity, appropriacy, and directness. Silence has been equated with wisdom, success, peace and enhanced performance in the Punjabi corpus. In comparison, a mixed response has been recorded in the Nigerian delta, where silence has been chiefly associated with defeat, undue shyness, apprehension, contemplation, and loss of eloquence. Gender segregation present in the Punjabi culture where feminine discourse is showcased as an unproductive activity also shows its traces in the Nigerian culture, emphasizing women’s unreliability and insincerity. Further research can be done to seek the prospective reasons for these similarities and differences found in the proverbs of these two geographically distant cultures.
Poetic Translations of English Poems in Iqbal’s Poetry: A Study in Transcreation Translating poetry is such a grueling task that some theorists claim it to be untranslatable. Translators debate whether during translation the semantic content of poetry should be focused or its emotional effect. To address this issue we have the concept of transcreation, rather than the traditional notion of translation. Transcreating a poem means recreating the main idea of a poem in a different language but at the same time retaining its poetics, tone, intent and emotional content. A transcreated text should evoke or is likely to evoke the same emotional response in the target audience that the original text did in its own audience. The purpose of this research was to find out what strategies a translator uses to transcreate a poem, and whether he/she successfully retains the sense and emotional content of the original. For this research, thus Iqbal’s eleven poetic translations from his book Bang-e-Dara were taken, and they were analysed and compared with their respective source texts. Lefevere’s and Holmes’ translation theories were used to find out what strategies Iqbal adopted to transcreate these English poems, and whether his transcreations were adequate to semantic and aesthetic requirements. The research found out that Iqbal mostly focused on the aesthetic effects and the central ideals of the originals. His primary focus turns out to be the main idea and thus he has conveniently excluded the content that does not contribute to that effect as such. Moreover, he adapted the main idea to his own purpose, and whenever needed he transformed it to such an extent that the target text appeared to be a completely different poem. Music and imagery, however, he always amplified through metaphors and similes, and in some cases his poetic translations look aesthetically even more pleasing than the originals. This suggests that if a translator is competent enough and alive to the poetic ring of his/her source text, a poem can be successfully and adequately transcreated.
TOWARD THE INCLUSIVE AND INTERSECTIONAL: A STUDY OF THE FOURTH WAVE OF FEMINISM IN NADIA HASHIMI’S A HOUSE WITHOUT WINDOWS AND UZMA ASLAM KHAN’S TRESPASSING This research engages with the concepts of Inclusivity and Intersectionality of the Fourth of Feminism through critical reading of Nadia Hashimi’s A House Without Windows and Uzma Aslam Khan’s Trespassing. Being a part of the South Asian fiction, both these texts subscribe to the Fourth Wave of Feminism, especially its features like ‘inclusivism’ and ‘intersectionality’. When we analyze different issues faced by the South Asian women, we cannot simply decode them on one level. South Asian women are socially and culturally marginalized and South Asian texts, because of their erstwhile marginal positioning, ask for critical attention. I have invoked Nicola Rivers’ theorizing on the Fourth Wave of Feminism. She argues that this wave deals with the concepts of inclusivity, intersectionality and difference(s). This new wave throws light on the ideas of diversity and multiplicity. To support Rivers’ concept of Feminism in the South Asian context, this research invokes Chandra Talpade Mohanty’s notion of the third world women. Since this investigation is qualitative in nature, I have used textual analysis as my research method in order to analyze my primary texts. This research investigation reveals that the Fourth Wave of Feminism is not entirely different from the previous three waves. It is ‘inclusive’ of the third world women and men. The concept of ‘intersectionality’ unveils the complex nature of women’s experiences of oppression and marginalization. This study is likely to contribute to the production of knowledge in the feminist studies in terms of its focus on Inclusivism and Intersectionality.
GLOBALIZATION AND YOUNG ADULT SOUTH ASIAN FICTION: AN IDEOLOGICAL CRITIQUE ABSTRACT Title: Globalization and Young Adult South Asian Fiction: an Ideological Critique This research study has attempted to discover the role of fetish cultural products in the process of globalization. Owing to the stronghold of capitalism, globalization is now a mechanical process carried out by a systematically laid out framework as per the vested interest of the proprietors of capitalism. The sustenance of globalization is indebted to the tripods of economics, politics, and culture, whereupon culture is the most effective of these three as it is less coercively laid out and more hegemonically accepted by masses only because it has emerged as a culture industry. The culture Industry is not only a major source of economic benefits but also a cradle to project the ideology of the dominant capitalist groups. The tremendous influence of the culture industry has commoditized every cultural entity including art and craft. The major focus is upon six young adult fictions The Devil’s Kiss (2009)by SarwatChaddha,The Skunk Girl (2009) by Sheba Karim and Wanting Mor(2009) by Rukhsana Khan the Pakistani origin writers, and Born Confused (2003) by Tanuja Desai Hidier, Bamboo People (2011)by MitaliPerkins and Blue Boy (2009)by Rakesh Satyal, the Indian origin writers. I have applied a theoretical framework formed by adapting certain tenants of critical theorists as Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, and SlavojZizek in combination with certain post-colonialist theorists as Lisa Lau and Graham Huggan to analyze the selected fictions. The major characteristics of culture products found in these novels are i) standardization, ii) pseudo-individualization, ii) estrangement and iv) multiculturalism along with reassertion of stereotypes and postcolonial exotic. These major dynamics provide a fetish aspect to any cultural product to be assimilated in capitalistcontrolled globalization. The study also reveals that it is not the outer factors as packaging, branding, merchandising and extensive distribution that make any cultural product a fetish, a cultural product has to transform/ modify internally to align with the product of the external factors. Literature in general and young adult fiction, in particular, are the artifacts of culture. Young adult fiction by South Asian origin writers has regularly been nominated for international awards and have won prestigious laurels which are again controlled by capitalist entrepreneurs. The selected novels have either won or have been nominated for the awards. They have been critically acclaimed and aesthetically established. The analysis focuses that iv the fame and recognition of this Young Adult Fiction are partly due to their extensive merchandising, packaging, and merchandising but mostly because have internalized the ideology of the dominant capitalist groups. By applying the adapted theoretical framework, it is evident that these novelists have very successfully propagated the ideology of the superiority of the West over the East.
DISENTANGLING LEGALESE: A LINGUISTIC STUDY OF SELECTED LEGISLATIONS AND JUDGMENTS The language used in legal documents is far from the natural language of communication. It is loaded with formal structures, archaic terms, foreign words and lengthy complex syntactic choices. Non-professionals usually face problems understanding these texts. The present study is an attempt to study the legal documents at lexical and syntactic levels. Previously, a lot of researches have been conducted to study the two, however probing linguistic features from the point of view of disentangling the language has never been done before in Pakistan. Using an integrated model by Stanojevic (2011) and Čėsnienė & Daračienė (2014), ten sample legislations and judgements were analysed from textualist perspective (Scalia, 1997). A number of linguistic features were identified and discussed. These features assisted in understanding the construct of Pakistani legalese. Not only that, possible substitutions for these linguistic choices that caused the complexity of the documents under study were also suggested. Using these substitutions the legal texts could be made more comprehensible and lucid to a common citizen. Hence, both the state and its citizens can come at the same level by improving the access of information and justice to a common citizen.
The Politics of Space and Place in Contemporary Native American Women’s Writings ABSTRACT Thesis Title: The Politics of Space and Place in Contemporary Native American Women’s Writings An historico-cultural review of prehistoric, pre- and post-contact Native American sociospatial structures reveals that Native American normative geographies have always been dictated by patriarchies. In the prehistoric and pre-contact era, Native American patriarchy directed the normative geographies, whereas Euro-American patriarchy controlled the sociospatial paradigms in the post-contact era. In both cases, Native American women remained spatially marginalized and subject to spatial discrimination. Subsequently, she developed a fractured sense of place that was further reified by the spatial experience of out of placeness within these ambivalent normative geographies. To overcome her spatial marginalization and reconstruct her spatial belongingness to the Native American geographical and social spaces, she contests and challenges these normative geographies by engaging in out of place actions and transgression. The present study explores Native American woman’s rejection of her spatially marginalized location within the Native American normative geographies as portrayed in Louise Erdrich’s Tracks, Diane Glancy’s Reason for Crows, and Polingaysi Qoyawayma’s No Turning Back. The study maintains that the spatially marginalized protagonists of these works challenge and contest their marginalized location within the Native American normative geographies of corporal, social and economic spaces. The study investigates the portrayal of Native American spaces and Native American woman’s spatial experiences by engaging theories from diverse fields, including but not limited to Tim Cresswell’s theorization of in placeness, out of placeness, and transgression; Linda McDowell’s theorization of gender and gegraphy; Doreen Massey’s theory of woman’s place in economic spaces; Paul Rodaway’s theorization of sensuous experiences of space and place; Bartrand Whestphal’s notion of polysensoriality; Yi-Fu Tuan's theory of space and experiences; Pamela Moss and Isabela Dyck’s conceptualization of spatiality of the disabled body; and Edward C Ralph notion of existential spatiality. The study concludes that the Native American woman does not submit to the normative geographic structures as dictated by the Native American and Euro-American patriarchy in the contemporary United States. Native American women destabilize the patriarchal orientation of Native American normative geographies and attempt to experience in-placeness through out of place actions, and iv transgression. The protagonists of the selected works cross the spatial boundaries, and reject their marginalized spatial location within the Native American normative geographies.
TRACING MARTYRDOM AND VICTIMHOOD: A STUDY OF THE AUTO/BIOGRAPHIES OF ZULFIKAR ALI BHUTTO’S IF I AM ASSASSINATED AND FATIMA BHUTTO’S SONGS OF BLOOD AND SWORD By SAMEEN TAHIR This poststructuralist study uses trauma literary theory to analyze the auto/biographies of ZAB and FB, the members of historical and political significant family in Pakistan. While focusing on the association of selected auto/biographers with Pakistani politics, this dissertation locates the role of auto/biographies in constructing certain narratives for cultural and political purposes. The aim of this study is to investigate the power of auto/biographies merely not in construction of the narratives of martyrdom and victimhood, but in representing these narratives as a source to invoke cultural trauma as well. This multidisciplinary research also studies individual traumas of the subjects of selected auto/biographies, and their influence on the memory of the targeted audience to shape collective traumas. It explores the portrayal of the subjects as victims of state violence and analyzes their emergence as martyrs for sacrificing their lives to fight state violence. Moreover, it examines the purpose behind the narratives of martyrdom and victimhood as tools to construct cultural trauma. The association of a leader‘s death or fall of his/her regime is investigated as an occurrence of cultural trauma, in this research. The life narratives of his physical and emotional traumas, described in auto/biographies, are analyzed as his/her journey from victimisation to victimhood. This journey throws light on the leader‘s ideology that the partisans promote after his/her death. The ideology of a martyr as a cause to sacrifice life is analyzed as catalyst for martyr-making. Since, the leaders are acknowledged for their services and sacrifices, the aspects of martyrdom and victimhood are traced out in this dissertation as means of invoking collective memory for their recognition. The name of Bhutto family still holds a place in Pakistani political and cultural history even after the assassinations of ZAB, MB, SB and BB. Demonstrating these deaths as narratives of cultural trauma, this research scrutinizes over the function of the selected auto/biographies in their recognition as victims and martyrs. The study is delimited to ZAB‘s autobiography, If I am Assassinated (1979) and FB‘s biography on MB, Songs of Blood and Sword (2010). Key Words: Trauma, Collective trauma, Collective memory, Cultural trauma, Martyrdom, Martyr, Ideology, Victimisation, Victimhood.
TRAUMA AND DISLOCATION: A CRITIQUE OF SELECTED FICTION BY CONTEMPORARY ARAB DIASPORIC AUTHORS This study analyzes the traumatic experiences of the characters in Salt Houses (2017) by Hala Alyan and The Map of Salt and Stars (2018) by Jennifer Zeynab Joukhadar. The present study utilizes Michelle Balaev’s claims regarding the pluralistic framework to analyze trauma which focuses on the contextual aspects involved in the experience that the characters endure in the chosen novels. The selected fiction is analyzed by focusing on the function of the protagonist and the primacy of place in relation to the trauma experienced by the characters. The concept of intergenerational or transgenerational trauma has also been examined in the selected works to highlight the diverseness of the pluralistic model of studying trauma. To support the conceptual framework this dissertation uses the method of textual analysis. The analysis of the selected fictional narratives highlights the manner in which trauma disrupts the lives of the characters due to the continuous presence of war and dislocation. Appropriating these concepts in the present study also highlights a reformulation in the personality of the characters populating the two selected texts.
GLOCALIZING ENGLISH LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN MILITARY ACADEMY ABSTRACT Title: Glocalizing English Language Pedagogy: A Case Study of Pakistan Military Academy Language teaching material in general and English language pedagogical material in specific has always been a tool of inculcating certain cultural beliefs and its various manifestations including religion, politics, history, gender, arts, customs, values, and traditions. Globalization in this regard has also played its part in inculcating global culture, mainly manifested as western culture in English language textbooks taught majorly in non-English speaking countries. As a response to this practice of globalization in general another behaviour of meshing local with global called glocal in education, economics, politics, and other spheres of life has emerged. In this regard, English language pedagogy has got little attention. The current study attempts to explore various attitudes, behaviours, expectations, and prospects of glocalization in the existing theory and practice of English language pedagogy in the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) which is a neglected researched setting to some extent. To achieve this goal, the current study embarks on a mixed-method approach, in the form of a case study, by utilizing survey and content analysis of English textbooks taught at PMA. Glocalization as the main theoretical framework with an analytical framework adapted from Byrem’s (1993, 2001, 2006) content analysis based on target and source cultural elements was utilized. The QUAN Content analysis and QUAL Content analysis of English language textbooks showed more use of cultural content of the UK and the rest of foreign countries especially from the west in the textbooks taught at PMA to the cadets. These findings in the form of existing practice were in disparity with the viewpoint obtained through questionnaires filled out by the cadets and their English language teachers. It was clear that the respective readers were significantly interested in including content related to the local cultures of the cadets in amalgamation with the cultures of foreign countries. This suggests a desire to have glocal English language pedagogy at PMA. Keeping these findings at the forefront, the current study recommends conducting more studies in order to establish the theoretical standing of glocalization. Moreover, it is also recommended that textbooks of English need a reappraisal of the syllabus designers with special respect to glocalization.
‘ORIENTAL OTHER-WITHIN’: READING ‘INTELLECTUAL COLONIALISM’ IN SELECTED SOUTH ASIAN ANGLOPHONE FICTION OF TAHMIMA ANAM AND NADEEM ASLAM This qualitative study explores the aspects of postcolonial intellectual colonialism in the selected South Asian fiction by Tahmima Anam and Nadeem Aslam. The study discusses how both South Asian writers in their works, The Good Muslim (2011) and The Blindman’s Garden (2013) respectively, may be seen as embodiments of what Lau defines as re-Orientalism. This research explores how these two writers, as Oriental Other-within, seem to subscribe to the stereotyping of the Orient by misrepresenting their culture. The present research is based on the theoretical underpinnings of Lau’s concept of re-Orientalism, according to which the representation of the Orient is distorted by the Oriental Other-within. These Orientals Other-within opt to play around the shortcomings of the orient by negotiating the indigenous culture to address the western desire to consume the exotic image of this orient. This study aims at how cultural producers, with eastern affiliations, like Anam and Aslam compromise the East by using the orient as a spectacle for repeating and reinforcing stereotypes. This explorative study also examines how the eastern culture is shown in crisis by reducing the native to a negative entity. Moreover, this study explores the reasons for re-Orientalism as adopted by Anam and Aslam, in their narratives. Additionally, this research investigates how the writers, negotiating their Orient’s rich culture, give in to the pressures of global merchandising the eastern culture as exotic and stereotypical Orient either it be Anam’s Maya or Aslam’s Mikal. The research concludes with the findings, that by mapping out their orient with their natively authentic approach, both, Anam and Aslam subscribe to the stereotyping of the Orient by presenting distorted, skewed, and dogmatically overly generalized representation of South Asian culture to the western world.