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Title ASSOCIATION OF SUICIDE BEREAVEMENT OF PARENTS AND SIBLINGS WITH OUTCOMES: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

Author(s) Amna Noureen

Abstract The aim of the research was to investigate the relation of suicide bereavement with various outcomes including anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, shame, stigma and post traumatic growth and the role of environmental reward in these relationship. Group differences on bereavement and outcomes were explored based on circumstantial factors and demographic characteristics of the participants and the deceased including gender, age, family system, relationship status, religion, education level and occupation. The study follows mix method approach and cross-sectional research design. Two interrelated studies were conducted. Study-1 comprises the semi structured interviews followed by adaptation and instruments validation in local context while considering the initial trends in the data. Subsequently, in study-II (i-e the main study) the hypotheses testing was conducted. Sample of bereaved parents and siblings were considered within Pakistan. Participants were eligible for inclusion in the study if they had experienced bereavement within six months to five years following the death of their child or sibling. The Urdu adapted version of Core Bereavement Item Scale (Brunett et al.,1997), Environmental Reward Observation Scale (Armento & Hopko,2007), Patient Health Questionnaire by Robert et al. (1999), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale by Spitzer et al. (2006), Impact of Event Scale by Horowitz et al. (1979), Societal Stigmatization Scale by Williams et al. (2009), State Shame Scale by Marschall et al. (1994), and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form developed by Cann et al. (2010), followed by the demographic sheet, were used for data collection. Translation process was completed by using the procedure of Back translation technique. The findings from Study-1 provided compelling evidence regarding the validity and reliability of the translated instruments. Analysis of data from study-II revealed significant negative association between suicide bereavement and post-traumatic growth, xiv while there exists a significant positive association with Post traumatic stress disorder, shame, and stigma. However, non-significant associations were observed of anxiety and depression with bereavement. Environmental reward showed a significant positive correlation with posttraumatic growth. Considering environmental reward as moderator, the results indicated that environmental reward significantly moderated the relationship between suicide bereavement, shame, anxiety and depression. However, the environmental reward did not play a significant role in suicide bereavement effects on post-traumatic stress disorder, stigma, and post-traumatic growth. Findings revealed that the duration of suicide bereavement played a significant role. In the first year, post traumatic stress disorder, shame, anxiety, and depression were higher, while post traumatic growth and environmental reward increased with the duration of suicide bereavement. However, no significant difference was found for stigma. While examining the relationship status of parents and siblings, parents exhibited higher levels of intense bereavement, Post traumatic stress disorder, shame, anxiety, depression, and stigma. Whereas siblings showed higher levels of environmental reward and post-traumatic growth. Regarding gender differences, females experienced higher levels of depression and Post-traumatic stress disorder as compared to males. Group differences based on the gender of the deceased were also examined, revealing significant mean differences only for shame. Results indicated that the suicidal demise of a female (sister or daughter) led to significantly more shame. Group differences based on family system showed significant differences on post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. While, those living in joint family systems experienced greater depression and post-traumatic stress disorder as compared to those in nuclear families. The finding underscores the need for tailored outreach programs aimed at promoting mental health awareness and destigmatizing help-seeking behaviors among bereaved individuals and their familie

Type Thesis/Dissertation PhD

Faculty Social Sciences

Department Psychology

Language English

Publication Date 2025-05-26

Subject Psychology

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